Selenium Contamination in Water. Группа авторов

these industrial applications are polluting the environment day by day.

Se is also used as catalyst in some chemical reactions. In X‐ray crystallography, incorporation of one or more Se atoms in place of sulfur helps with multiple or single wavelength anomalous dispersion. Se is widely used for toning of photographic prints and it intensifies tonal range of black and white photographic images, resulting in improved permanence of prints (Wall 1924). The worldwide consumption of Se in different applications is presented in Figure 3.2.

Figure 3.2 Global consumption of Se (USGS 2020).

3.6 Conclusions

      This chapter summarized the occurrence, sources, and importance of Se in environment. The major source of Se is from natural activities and nowadays anthropogenic sources are also releasing a huge amount of Se into the environment. The Se from the soil and water enters into the food chain where it is bioaccumulated and transferred into humans and animals through diet.

      Earlier, the deficiency of Se was of major concern as it could be one of the important factors in various diseases such as Keshan and Kashin–Beck diseases, infertility in female, etc. However, augmented consumption can also lead to the adverse health impacts.

      Demand for Se has increased due to the growth of industrialization and the use of Se in different manufacturing processes. Major Se production is from refineries and copper smelting processes. In the United States fish and wildlife poisoning occurred due to elevated concentration of Se in water. Such episodes have grabbed the attention of researchers for data generation and possible implications of excessive Se and its hazards to human health. Se is an important trace element due to its Janus nature. It is an essential nutrient to human and animal while it can also act as potent toxin if consumed beyond certain limits. Timely dealing with this issue in connection with an environmental Se database can be useful to avoid any adverse impact on humans and the environment.

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