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3 Grossly Polluting Industries and Their Effect on Water Resources in India

       Zeenat Arif1, Naresh Kumar Sethy1, Swati2, Pradeep Kumar Mishra1, and Bhawna Verma1

       1 Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, IIT (BHU), Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

       2 Department of Botany, BHU, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India

3.1 Introduction

      Water is one of the most essential resources for the existence of animal and plant life. The existence of plants, animals, and humans on Earth depends on nature playing an important role in providing water (Sharma et al. 2016). Rivers, lakes, and reservoirs are a major source of water in India. Some 80% of India's population is dependent on 14 major rivers for food and their livelihood. A growing population, accelerating industrialization, intensification of agriculture, and expanding urbanization exert heavy pressure on our vast but limited water resources. Despite so many priceless advantages, it is a poorly managed resource (Nwankwoala and Nwagbogwu 2012) because of its easy availability at a low cost. Both surface and groundwater resources are under stress. The increase in the growth rate of industrialization and urbanization created an unconstructive and adverse impact on water resources. The main reasons of water pollution are: (i) soil weathering; (ii) decomposition of organic materials; and (iii) untreated or not efficiently treated discharge effluent from industries, sewage, and municipal waste. From these mentioned causes, industrial pollution is considered as one of the factors causing the degradation of water quality (Järup 2000). Water discharge from industries and households carries chemicals and biological matter, which leads to an increase in demands on oxygen (DO) present in water, thereby reducing the level of DO due to biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (Afzal et al. 2018).

In developing countries like India, the major contributors to water pollution are the endpoints of effluents released from industries. Contaminated wastewater released from industrial areas creates negative impacts on human health and also makes the soil quality unsuitable for irrigation purposes and crops. So, it becomes crucially important to access the quality of water before directly discharging it into the environment (Bharti et al. 2013). Based on the industry type, many levels of pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged through public sewer lines into water bodies (Kumar et al. 2018. 2019). According to the State of India's Environment (SoE) 2019 report (www.downtoearth.org.in/news/pollution/grossly‐polluting‐industries‐more‐than‐doubled‐in‐8‐years‐soe‐in‐figures‐64962),