Russian Active Measures. Группа авторов

See the material about the KGB operations and Prague Spring in Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 247–61.

12 The author’s interview with Ihor T., a KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

13 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 253–88.

14 This survey was submitted to the KGB on 13 September 1968. See “Obzor: Odesskoe studenchestvo. 1968 god” [“The Odessa College Students (1968)”] in HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 255–88.

15 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 258–59.

16 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275–76.

17 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275.

18 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 273.

19 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 274.

20 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 275.

21 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 274.

22 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 277–78. For a detailed discussion about Ukrainian speakers’ Russification who moved to the city of Dnipropetrovsk from the Ukrainian countryside, see Zhuk, Rock and Roll, 176–79.

23 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 263, 281.

24 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 280–81.

25 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 281–82. For more details about the cult of The Magnificent Seven among Soviet youth, see Sergei I. Zhuk, Soviet Americana: The Cultural History of Russian and Ukrainian Americanists (London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2018 [London and New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2019]), 138–140.

26 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 281–83.

27 Banderovtsy was derived from the name of Stepan Bandera, a leader of the OUN radical branch. His name became a symbol of the Ukrainian national cause in western Ukraine since the late 1940s. See Serhy Yekelchyk, Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 125–28, 141–51.

28 Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Dnipropetrovskoi Oblasti (hereafter: DADO), f. 19, op. 52, spr. 72, ark. 9.

29 See the original text of this letter in Ukrainian in Raisa Lysha, Yurii Vivtash, and Orysia Sokulska, eds., Porohy: Vybrane, vol. 1–9 (Kyiv: Smoloskyp, 2009), 432–38. In August of 1968, this letter was sent to the Head of the Council of Ministers of the UkrSSR V. V. Shcherbytskyi, the Candidate Member of the Politburo of the Central Party Committee F. D. Ovcharenko, and the Secretary of the Writers’ Union D. V. Pavlychko.

30 See the English translation of this letter in The Ukrainian Review XVI, no. 3 (1969): 46–52. This text entitled “Letter from the Creative Youth of Dnipropetrovsk” was published without the author’s name. As a result of international publicity of this case, the first scholarly analysis of these events appeared in English in Kenneth C. Farmer, Ukrainian Nationalism in the Post-Stalin Era: Myth, Symbols and Ideology in Soviet Nationalities Policy (The Hague, Boston, London: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1980), 158–59. Compare with Ludmilla Alexeyeva, Soviet Dissent: Contemporary Movements for National, Religious, and Human Rights, trans. Carol Pearce and John Glad (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1985), 40. See also HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 977, ark. 367–71.

31 For more details, see Zhuk, Rock and Roll, 48–64.

32 As early as 1996, KGB documents on Soviet hippies were quoted in a book by a prominent Soviet dissident. See Bukovsky, Judgment in Moscow, 136.

33 HDA SBU, f. 16, op.1, spr. 974, ark. 114–15.

34 Ibid. See also Amerika, no. 150, April 1969, pp. 12–18. Amerika was a monthly periodical published in Russian by the U.S. Information Agency, beginning from 1959. KGB analysts discussed a shorter version of Keniston’s article published in Amerika in Russian translation. For a full version, see Kenneth Keniston, “Youth, Change and Violence,” The American Scholar 37, no. 2 (1968): 227–45. The KGB was concerned about the Soviet hippies who, like their American counterparts, might use political violence and create alternative political structures that would disrupt the political status quo. According to Keniston’s interpretation, that is what American hippies tried to accomplish. Those Soviet hippies planned to participate “in the all-Union congress during this summer (1969) either in Riga, or Tallinn.” Even recent graduates of high schools demonstrated a similar behavior in 1969 and 1970. Some of them organized a secret society in the city of Slaviansk (Donetsk oblast), known as “Koka-Kola,” “expressing their protest against the existing political order.” See HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1009, ark. 167–68. Among numerous studies on hippies as part of American counterculture, the best historical analysis was offered by Peter Braunstein and Michael William Doyle in their “Introduction: Historicizing the American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s” to Imagine Nation: The American Counterculture of the 1960s and ’70s, ed. Peter Braunstein and Michael William Doyle (New York: Routledge, 2002), 5–14.

35 HDA SBU, f. 16, op.1, spr. 1011, ark. 81–92 (with a hand-written note by a party secretary “Report personally on the measures” on ark. 81). See a copy of the same report in HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1009, ark. 317–28.

36 On those groups, see Zhuk, Rock and Roll, 79–92, 97–105.

37 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1011, ark. 81.

38 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1011, ark. 82.

39 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1011, ark. 85.

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