Russian Active Measures. Группа авторов

Artemy. Back in the USSR: The True Story of Rock in Russia. London: Omnibus Press, 1987.

      Tsipursky, Gleb. Socialist Fun: Youth, Consumption, and State-Sponsored Popular Culture inthe Soviet Union, 1945–1970. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016.

      Valli, Roberta Suzzi. “The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime.” Journal of Contemporary History 35, no. 2 (2000): 131–50.

      Vasilieva, L. “Takim ne mesto sredi nas!” Dnepr vechernii, 10 January 1983, p. 3.

      Vrublevskii, Vitalii K. Vladimir Shcherbitskii: zapiski pomoshchnika: slukhi, legendy, dokumenty. Kyiv: Dovira, 1993.

      Yekelchyk, Serhy. Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation. New York: Oxford University Press, 2007.

      Zhuk, Sergei I. Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2010.

      _____. Soviet Americana: The Cultural History of Russian and Ukrainian Americanists. London and New York: I. B. Tauris, 2018.

      _____. “‘The Disco Mafia’ and ‘Komsomol Capitalism’ in Soviet Ukraine during Late Socialism.” In Material Culture in Russia and the USSR: Things, Values, Identities, edited by Graham H. Roberts, 173–95. London and Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017.

      Archival Sources

      Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Dnipropetrovskoi oblasti (DADO, State Archive of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast), Dnipro, Ukraine.

      Fond 19. Dnepropetrovskii obkom KPU (Kommunisticheskoi partii Ukrainy).

      Haluzevyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (HDA SBU, Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine), Kyiv, Ukraine.

      Fond 1. 2-GE Upravlinnia (Kontrrozvidky) MGB-KGB URSR.

      Fond 16. Sekretariat GPU-KGB URSR.

      Tsentralnyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Hromadskykh Obiednan Ukrainy (TsDAHOU, Central State Archive of the Civil Organizations of Ukraine), Kyiv, Ukraine.

      Fond 7. Tsentralnyi Komitet LKSMU. Viddil kultury. Viddil propahandy i ahitatsii.

      Interviews

      Interview with Ihor T., a retired KGB officer, 15 May 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

      Interview with Mikhail Suvorov, 1 June 1991, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

      Interview with Oleksandr Beznosov, 19 July 2008, the Department of History, Dnipropetrovsk University, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.

      Interview with Stepan Ivanovich T., a retired KGB officer, 30 January 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine.

      Interview with Stepan K., a retired SBU/KGB officer, 2 February 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine.

1 Stepan Ivanovich referred to “active measures” that were defined by Vladimir Bukovsky as “[a]ctions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, FSB) ranging from media manipulation to outright violence.” See Vladimir Bukovsky, Judgment in Moscow: Soviet Crimes and Western Complicity, trans. Alyona Kojevnikov (Westlake Village, CA: Ninth of November Press, 2019), 629.

2 I refer to the pioneering study by William Jay Risch, “Soviet ‘Flower Children’: Hippies and the Youth Counter-Culture in 1970s Lviv,” Journal of Contemporary History 40, no. 3 (2005): 565–84, and his book, The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), esp. 237–44. Juliane Fürst is writing now a book about Soviet hippies. See her recent publications: “We All Live in a Yellow Submarine: Life in a Leningrad Commune,” in Dropping out of Socialism: The Creation of Alternative Spheres in the Soviet Bloc, eds. Juliane Fürst and Josie McLellan (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 197–207; and “If You’re Going to Moscow, Be Sure to Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair: The Soviet Hippie Sistema and Its Life In, Despite and With Stagnation,” in Reconsidering Stagnation in the Brezhnev Era, eds. Dina Fainberg and Artemy Kalinovsky (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 123–46. On some aspects of Soviet youth culture, see Gleb Tsipursky, Socialist Fun: Youth, Consumption, and State-Sponsored Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1945–1970 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016) and Sergei I. Zhuk, Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960–1985 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2010). For these publications, the authors (including myself) did not use KGB documents from the SBU Archive in Kyiv.

3 According to Christopher Andrew, “throughout the Cold War, Soviet intelligence regarded the United States as its ‘main adversary.’ In second place at the beginning of the Cold War was the United States’ closest ally, the United Kingdom. In third position came France.” See in Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 150.

4 On the transformation of the United States’ image under Stalin and Khrushchev, see Rósa Magnúsdóttir, Enemy Number One: The United States of America in Soviet Ideology and Propaganda, 1945–1959 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), esp. 73, 151.

5 Haluzevyi Derzhavnyi Arkhiv Sluzhby Bezpeky Ukrainy (hereafter: HDA SBU), f. 16, op. 1, spr. 902, ark. 35, 142. Unless otherwise stated, all excerpts from archival documents have been translated by the author from Russian into English. Compare with the original: “Главную угрозу советской Украине представляют украинские буржуазные националисты, сионисты и сектанты—все на службе и финансовой поддержке разведок США и Англии.”

6 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 919, ark. 60–61.

7 Rudolf Pihoia, “Chekhoslovakia 1968 god (Part 1),” Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 6 (1994): 24–28. See also Mark Kramer, ed., “Ukraine and the Soviet-Czechoslovak Crisis of 1968 (Part I): New Evidence from the Diary of Petro Shelest,” Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 10 (1998): 234–47; Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield, 251.

8 Vitalii K. Vrublevskii, Vladimir Shcherbitskii: zapiski pomoshchnika: slukhi, legendy, dokumenty (Kyiv: Dovira, 1993), 167–68.

9 It is based on my calculations of criminal cases from 1971 (HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1017) to 1989 (spr. 1271). An analysis of various official KGB reports to Ukraine’s Communist Party leadership has confirmed the preliminary calculations (spr. 1056, ark. 1–311; spr. 1115, ark. 5–310; spr. 1115, ark. 25–301; spr. 1209, ark. 25–290).

10 HDA SBU, f. 16, op. 1, spr. 1249, ark. 147–49. On the Soviet youth’s fascination with American jazz and rock music as early as September 1964, see especially the September 1964 KGB report in HDA SBU, f. 1, op. 1, spr. 1567, ark. 151–52.