Veterinary Endoscopy for the Small Animal Practitioner. Группа авторов

from left to right: A 10 mm diameter, 31 cm long, 0° laparoscope; a 5 mm diameter, 29 cm long, 0° laparoscope; a 4.0 mm diameter, 30 cm long, 30° cystoscope; a 1.0 mm diameter, 20 cm long, 0° semirigid needle scope; the 2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm long, 30° multipurpose rigid telescope (MPRT); a 3 mm diameter, 14 cm long, 0° laparoscope; a 2.4 mm diameter, 10 cm long, 30° arthroscope; and a 1.9 mm diameter, 6.5 cm long, 30° arthroscope that is set above the line of telescopes. The degree angles of the telescopes listed are examples and many are available in one to multiple viewing angles.

      (Source: Photo courtesy of Karl Storz: ©Karl Storz SE & Co KG, Germany.)

Figure 2.27 A diagram showing the angle of view of rigid telescopes used in small animal practice. Zero and thirty degree angles are the most commonly used angles. Greater angles are occasionally used but increase the difficulty in orientation of the image.

Figure 2.28 The ENDOCAMELEON telescope for laparoscopy with variable angles of view. A 10 mm diameter laparoscope is shown that has a working length of 32 cm and a variable view angle of 0–120°. The tip of the telescope has a curved outer lens housing with an inner lens that rotates through the variable angle range shown in the upper insert. The lens position is adjusted with the black ring behind the light post shown in the lower insert. The angles of the angle of view are shown in the insert at the tip of the endoscope.

      (Source: Photo courtesy of Karl Storz: ©Karl Storz SE & Co KG, Germany.)

Figure 2.29 A diagram of the Hopkins rod lens system shown in the telescope at the bottom and a conventional lens system in the telescope at the top. Hopkins rod lenses are the standard design for telescopes in current use today having superior image compared to conventional lens telescopes.

The most common telescope used for small animal endoscopy is a 2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm long, 30° angle of view arthroscope (Figure 2.26 and Table 2.2). This is called the 2.7 mm multipurpose rigid telescope (MPRT) because of its wide range of applications including cystoscopy, rhinoscopy, otoscopy, laparoscopy, thoracoscopy, bronchoscopy, laceroscopy, fistuloscopy, vaginoscopy, oculoscopy, neoscopy, transabdominal nephroscopy, transabdominal cholecystodocoscopy, and also arthroscopy. This telescope is supplied with multiple sheaths (Figure 2.30 and Table 2.3) allowing expansion of its use to include all the above listed procedures. Additional commonly used telescopes include those listed previously plus a 9.5 Fr one‐piece cystoscope (Figure 2.31) and operating laparoscopes (Figure 2.32). The length and angle of view of these telescopes vary based on their intended use with each having advantages, disadvantages, and specific best applications. The original intended use may or may not apply to its application in small animal practice and actual use is based on the diameter, length, angle of view, and sheath selection that fit our patient's needs. Current uses of individual telescopes will be presented in the individual chapters.

Table 2.2 Rigid telescopes used for small animal endoscopy.

10 mm diameter, 31 cm long, 0° laparoscope(Karl Storz #26003AA)5 mm diameter, 29 cm long, 0° laparoscope(Karl Storz #62046AA)3 mm diameter, 14 cm long, 0° laparoscope(Karl Storz #7220AA)2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm long, 30° multipurposeRigid telescope (MPRT) (Karl Storz #64029BA)2.4 mm diameter, 10 cm long, 30° arthroscope(Karl Storz #64300BA)1.9 mm diameter, 6.5 cm long, 30° arthroscope(Karl Storz #28305BA)1.0 mm diameter, 20 cm long, 0° semirigidNeedle scope (Karl Storz #62512)

Figure 2.30 The 2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm long, 30° multipurpose rigid telescope (MPRT) that is the most widely used telescope in small animal practice with a selection of sheaths available for use with this telescope. From upper left to lower right: the 14.5 Fr, 15 cm working length operating/cystoscopy sheath with a 5 Fr working channel, and 2 Luer connectors with stopcocks; the arthroscopy sheath with 4.0 mm outside diameter, 13.5 cm working length, and 1 Luer connector with a stopcock; the 2.7 mm diameter telescope; the examination and protection sheath with 3.5 mm outside diameter, 17 cm working length, and 1 Luer connector with a stopcock; and a 3.9 mm laparoscopy trocar‐cannula with a working length of 5 cm and a silicone leaflet valve.

      (Source: Photo courtesy of Karl Storz: ©Karl Storz SE & Co KG, Germany.)

Table 2.3 The 2.7 mm MPRT with available sheath selection.

2.7 mm diameter, 18 cm long, 30° telescope (Karl Storz #64029BA) Cystoscopy/operating sheath (Karl Storz#67065CK)14.5 Fr, 15 cm working length, 5 Fr operating channel, with 2 fluid portsArthroscopy sheath (Karl Storz #64132S)4 mm diameter, 13.5 cm working length, with 1 fluid port Guard or examination sheath (Karl Storz #64018US)3.5 mm diameter, 17 cm working length, with 1 fluid portLaparoscopy trocar cannula (Karl Storz #62117GK)3.9 mm diameter, 5 cm long, with a silicone leaflet valveLaparoscopy endotip cannula (Karl Storz #30117MT)3.9 mm diameter, 5 cm long, with an automatic valve