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3 Application of Genome Engineering Methods for Quality Improvement in Important Crops

       Sajid Fiaz1, Sher Aslam Khan1, Galal Bakr Anis2, Habib Ali3, Mohsin Ali4, Kazim Ali5, Mehmood Ali Noor6, Sibtain Ahmad4,7, and Bilal Ahmad Asad4

       1 Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, The University of Haripur 22620, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

       2 Rice Research and Training Center (RRTC), Rice Research Department, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha, Kafr El‐sheikh, Egypt

       3 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Punjab, Pakistan

       4 University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Sub‐Campus Depalpur, Okara, Punjab, Pakistan

       5 National Institute for Genomics and Advanced Biotechnology, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan

       6 Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100081, China

       7 Animal Breeding and Genetics, Faculty of Animal husbandry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan

      CHAPTER MENU

        3.1 Introduction

        3.2 Evolution and Historical Perspective of Genome Engineering

        3.3 CRISPR/Cas Genome Editing Systems

        3.4 Application of CRISPR/Cas System for Crops Quality Improvement 3.4.1 Rice 3.4.1.1 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Rice Quality Improvement 3.4.1.2 Wheat 3.4.1.3 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Wheat Quality Improvement 3.4.1.4 Maize 3.4.1.5 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Maize Quality Improvement 3.4.1.6 Cotton 3.4.1.7 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Cotton Quality Improvement 3.4.1.8 Soybean 3.4.1.9 Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for Soybean Quality Improvement

        3.5 Regulatory Measures for Genome Engineering Crops

        3.6 Conclusion

3.1 Introduction

The adequate supply of food providing calories and nutrients is essential for human survival. The inadequate supply of food leads toward food insecurity, threatening people around the globe. Moreover, with the rapid upsurge of population, the global population is expected to reach 8.3 billion by 2030 (United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division 2017). In response, the demand for food, fuel and shelter will also increase which will further intensify the pressure on available resource to grow more (Sundström et al. 2014). The growing population has a multi‐dimensional impact from the emergence of new threats, i.e. abiotic stress due to climate change, reduction in arable land, salinization and biotic stress. To ensure a constant food supply, there is a need to exploit available resource wisely in spite of natural threats, including climate change (Godfray et al. 2010; Jones et al. 2014). Plant breeders have utilized both natural and induced mutation techniques along with heterosis breeding to ensure food security. However, more efforts are needed to meet with current and future challenges. The current breeding approaches are focusing to maintain or increase the production per unit area, and to reduce risk of crop failure. To increase production, the breeder mostly focused on agronomic attributes, i.e. grain yield per unit area, plant population per unit area and the grain size, etc. To minimize production there is a need to understand yield stability, the plants tolerant to several biotic and abiotic stresses are prerequisite. The biotic and abiotic stresses are now considered a major threat to global food security and thus it is much more important to understand the genomics of the plant to withstand against these challenges (Butt et al. 2018). There are great efforts required to understand the loci related to disease resistance and introgression of those loci to elite germplasm. Further, diseases also cause negative impact on grain quality of major cereals whereas, balancing the plant energy required to resist against diseases without penalties of yield and quality is challenging.

      To enhance the nutritional value of crops, current breeding efforts emphasized