Principles of Virology. Jane Flint

AT (ed). 1967. Diseases in Antiquity. Charles C Thomas, Publisher, Springfield, IL.

      Cairns J, Stent GS, Watson JD (ed). 1966. Phage and the Origins of Molecular Biology. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory for Quantitative Biology, Cold Spring Harbor, NY.

      Creager ANH. 2002. The Life of a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Virus as an Experimental Model, 1930–1965. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL.

      Denniston K, Enquist L. 1981. Recombinant DNA. Benchmark Papers in Microbiology, vol 15. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Inc, Stroudsburg, PA.

      Hughes SS. 1977. The Virus: a History of the Concept. Heinemann Educational Books, London, United Kingdom.

      Karlen A. 1996. Plague’s Progress, a Social History of Man and Disease. Indigo, Guernsey Press Ltd, Guernsey, Channel Islands.

      Knipe DM, Howley PM (ed). 2013. Fields Virology, 6th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA.

      Luria SE. 1953. General Virology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, NY.

      Murphy FA, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Ghabrial SA, Jarvis AW, Rasmussen N. 1997. Picture Control: the Electron Microscope and the Transformation of Biology in America 1940–1960. Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA.

      Oldstone MBA. 2010. Viruses, Plagues, & History: Past, Present, and Future. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.

       Papers of Special Interest

      Boylston AW. 2018. The myth of the milkmaid. N Engl J Med 378:414–415.

       A delightful scientific historian’s report on research that debunks the much-cited notion that Edward Jenner was inspired to test the benefits of cowpox by the comments of a milkmaid who claimed to be immune to smallpox because she had had cowpox.

      Breitbart M, Salamon P, Andresen B, Mahaffy JM, Segall AM, Mead D, Azam F, Rohwer F. 2002. Genomic analysis of uncultured marine viral communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:14250–14255.

       Early use of metagenomic analysis to identify viruses in natural marine environments. One of the first to identify these agents using these methods, and to reveal the enormity in number of previously unknown viruses in these environments.

      Crick FHC, Watson JD. 1956. Structure of small viruses. Nature 177:473– 475.

       Authors deduce from X-ray crystal analysis of plant virus particles that virus shells (capsids) are composed of a large number of identical protein molecules, of small or moderate size, packed together in a regular manner.

      Murray NE, Gann A. 2007. What has phage lambda ever done for us? Curr Biol 17:R305–R312.

       The authors describe how study of the bacteriophage lambda has contributed to an understanding of the molecular basis of numerous fundamental biological processes.

      Suttle CA. 2007. Marine viruses—major players in the global ecosystem.

      Nat Rev Microbiol 5:801–812.

       Suttle describes the unappreciated yet enormous contribution that the huge numbers of marine viruses make to the earth’s marine and global ecosystems.

       Websites

      https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ Latest update of virus classification from the ICTV.

      http://ictvonline.org/ ICTV-approved virus names and other information as well as links to virus databases can be downloaded.

      http://microbe.tv/twiv A weekly podcast about viruses featuring informal yet informative interviews with guest virologists who discuss their recent findings and other topics of general interest.

STUDY QUESTIONS

      1 What is the definition of a virus?

      2 Which is a key property first discovered about viruses that distinguished them from other microorganisms?They were too large to pass through a 0.2-micron filterThey could reproduce only in brothThey made tobacco plants sickThey were small enough to pass through a 0.2-micron filterNone of the above

      3 All of us carry many different viruses throughout our daily lives. Why don’t they make us sick?

      4 Why do we care that viruses comprise the most biodiversity on the planet?

      5 The first viruses were discovered near the end of the 1800s. How was this done?By transmitting a disease to tobacco plants using a cell-free filtrate of diseased leavesPasteur showed that viruses could reproduce in a sterile mediumLeeuwenhoek saw viruses in his microscopeRobert Koch showed that viruses grown in broth could cause diseaseAll of the above

      6 Why were the bacteriophage systems so useful for elucidating principles of viral reproduction? What important features of virus-host interactions were discovered from these studies?

      7 How are viruses classified?

      8 How does the discovery of new viruses today differ from 100 years ago?

      9 Which host cell function is essential for the reproduction of all viruses?

      10 What is the basis of the Baltimore classification system? How many genome types are sufficient to describe all viral families in this system?

2 The Infectious Cycle

        Introduction

        The Infectious Cycle The Cell Entering Cells Viral RNA Synthesis Viral Protein Synthesis Viral Genome Replication Assembly of Progeny Virus Particles

        Viral Pathogenesis

        Overcoming Host Defenses

        Cultivation of Viruses Cell Culture Embryonated Eggs Laboratory Animals

        Assay of Viruses Measurement of Infectious Units Efficiency