The ESD Control Program Handbook. Jeremy M. Smallwood

12Table 12.1 An example of a matrix of ESD training and personnel roles.Table 12.2 Some regional or national ESD interest organizations.Table 12.3 Some general electrostatics interest organizations.Table 12.4 Some magazines, journals, and online resources that publish ESD‐re...

      12 1Table A.1 Personal grounding equipment requirements and test criteria.Table A.2 EPA equipment requirements and test criteria.Table A.3 ESD training matrix.Table A.4 ESD control product qualification tests and pass criteria.

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Field lines and equipotential around a charged sphere.Figure 1.2 Surface resistivity definition.Figure 1.3 Definition of volume resistivity.Figure 1.4 Resistances in series.Figure 1.5 Resistances in parallel.Figure 1.6 Capacitors in parallel.Figure 1.7 Capacitors in series.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A simple electrical model of electrostatic charge build‐up.Figure 2.2 Parallel plate capacitor.Figure 2.3 Charge or voltage decay curve.Figure 2.4 Field lines (shown dashed) emerging from a small point or spheric...Figure 2.5 Electrostatic field between parallel plates.Figure 2.6 Electrostatic field between a field meter and metal plate at volt...Figure 2.7 Faraday cage.Figure 2.8 Voltage developed on a metal plate in an electric field.Figure 2.9 An earthed metal plate in an electric field becomes charged by gr...Figure 2.10 Faraday pail.Figure 2.11 The relationship between breakdown voltage and spark gap Pd (Pas...Figure 2.12 Discharge from negatively charged (>20 kV) insulating surface.Figure 2.13 Example of waveform of discharge from the author charged to 500 ...Figure 2.14 ESD waveform from screwdriver blade charged to +530 V. Charge tr...Figure 2.15 ESD waveform from a160 × 180 mm metal plate charged to 550 V. Ch...Figure 2.16 ESD waveforms from charged integrated circuits: (above) 32‐pin p...Figure 2.17 ESD waveform from a printed circuit board (above) charged to 1 k...Figure 2.18 ESD waveform from a charged automotive module taken out of a pol...Figure 2.19 Voltage on an automotive cable core as polythene packaging is re...Figure 2.20 ESD waveform from a charged automotive wiring loom cable lying a...Figure 2.21 Electronic model of a simple ESD source.Figure 2.22 Simulated overdamped device current waveform IESD for dominant c...Figure 2.23 Simulated underdamped device ESD current waveform for the case o...Figure 2.24 Simulated device ESD current waveform for near critical damping:...Figure 2.25 Electrostatic voltage on a CPM plate reducing during charge neut...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 ESD‐sensitive devices range from individual transistors or diodes...Figure 3.2 Simple electronic model of ESD circuit.Figure 3.3 Typical ESD generator circuit.Figure 3.4 HBM waveform definition with 0 Ω calibration load.Figure 3.5 IEC 61000‐4‐2 system ESD test waveform.Figure 3.6 IEC 60749‐27 MM waveform definition with 0 Ω calibration load.Figure 3.7 IEC 60749‐27 MM waveform definition with 500 Ω calibration load....Figure 3.8 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 field‐induced CDM test arrangement.Figure 3.9 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 field‐induced charged device model calibra...Figure 3.10 Typical clamp arrangement used in on chip ESD protection of an i...Figure 3.11 Elements of the V‐I curve of a typical on chip clamp circuit.Figure 3.12 Charging of a MOSFET gate from an HBM ESD test source.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 EPA and UPA.Figure 4.2 Examples of marking an EPA entrance.Figure 4.3 A simple electrical model of electrostatic charge buildup, revisi...Figure 4.4 Electrostatic field between two parallel conducting plates.Figure 4.5 The electrostatic field between a field meter and a charged plate...Figure 4.6 Electrostatic field meter reading variation with distance from a ...Figure 4.7 Ionizer charge decay curves showing decay time and offset voltage...Figure 4.8 (a) Footwear 10 MΩ, “dissipative” floor 10 MΩ resistance to groun...Figure 4.9 (left) Two EPA workstations separated by a UPA, (right) joined as...Figure 4.10 An ordinary seat can give high electrostatic fields, in this cas...Figure 4.11 A hand tool designed for EPA use is grounded via the user's hand...Figure 4.12 Gloves and finger cots.Figure 4.13 (left) ESD control garments should cover the clothing of the arm...

      5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 “Star” connection of ESD control benches.Figure 7.2 “Chain” or series connection of ESD control benches.Figure 7.3 A typical earth bonding (grounding) plugs that can be used to con...Figure 7.4 Typical wrist strap system.Figure 7.5 Examples of proprietary portable wrist strap testers.Figure 7.6 Heel and toe grounders.Figure 7.7 Booties or shoe covers.Figure 7.8 A wide variety of shoe and work boot styles are available.Figure 7.9 Typical example of an ESD control cart (trolley).Figure 7.10 An ESD control seat.Figure 7.11 Typical ceiling mounted pulsed DC ionizer charging of an object ...Figure 7.12 Stripe (left) and grid (right) conductive fiber patterns (Paasi ...Figure 7.13 Examples of ESD control garment fiber types (Paasi et al. 2005a,...Figure 7.14 Symbol recommended for marking ESD control equipment.

      6 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Secondary packaging materials.Figure 8.2 Variation of resistance of some papers with atmospheric humidity....Figure 8.3 Some examples of the extraordinary variety of packaging types in ...Figure 8.4 Intimate and proximity packaging.Figure 8.5 (a) Transient electrostatic field arising within an insulating pa...Figure 8.6 Typical variation of polymer resistance with conductive particle ...Figure