Fundamentals of Analytical Toxicology. Robin Whelpton

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FUNDAMENTALS OF ANALYTICAL TOXICOLOGY

      Clinical and Forensic

       Second Edition

       Robert J. Flanagan

       King’s College Hospital NHS Foundation TrustUK

       Eva Cuypers

       Maastricht Multimodal Molecular Imaging InstituteMastricht UniversityThe Netherlands

       Hans H. Maurer

       Department of Experimental and Clinical ToxicologySaarland UniversityGermany

       Robin Whelpton

       Formerly School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonUK

This edition first published 2020

      © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

       Edition History

      John Wiley & Sons, Ltd (1e, 2007)

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      The right of Robert J. Flanagan, Eva Cuypers, Hans H. Maurer and Robin Whelpton to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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       Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

      Names: Flanagan, Robert J., author.

      Title: Fundamentals of analytical toxicology : clinical and forensic / Robert J. Flanagan, King's College Hospital NHS Found Trust, UK, Eva Cuypers, Mastricht University, The Netherlands, Hans H. Maurer, Department of Experimental and Clinical Toxicology, Saarland University, Germany, Robin Whelpton, Formerly School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, UK.

      Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2020. | Includes bibliographical references and index.

      Identifiers: LCCN 2020007512 (print) | LCCN 2020007513 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119122340 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119122364 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119122371 (epub)

      Subjects: LCSH: Analytical toxicology.

      Classification: LCC RA1221 .F86 2020 (print) | LCC RA1221 (ebook) | DDC 615.9/07–dc23

      LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020007512

      LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020007513

      Cover Design: Wiley

      Cover Images: © Xuanyu Han/Getty Images, © Alexander Limbach/Shutterstock

Preface

      The analytical toxicologist may be required to detect, identify, and in many cases measure a wide variety of compounds in samples from almost any component of the body or in related materials such as residues in syringes or in soil. Many difficulties may be encountered. The analytes may include gases such as carbon monoxide, drugs, solvents, pesticides, metal salts, and naturally-occurring toxins. Some poisons may be individual chemicals and others complex mixtures. New drugs, pesticides, and other substances continually present novel challenges in analysis and in the interpretation of the results of the analysis. The analyte might be an endogenous compound such as acetone, or an exogenous compound such as a drug and/or metabolite(s) of the drug, whilst the sample matrix may range from urine to bone.

      Many biological samples contain muscle, connective tissue, and so forth, which may have to be separated or degraded prior to an analysis, as well as a multitude of small and large molecular weight compounds. The concentration of the analyte to be measured can range from g L^–1 (parts per thousand) in the case of blood ethanol to μg L^–1