Mathematics for Enzyme Reaction Kinetics and Reactor Performance. F. Xavier Malcata

having relabeled θ₁ and θ₂ to y and x, respectively. Equation (2.321), known as the basic angle transformation formula, permits calculation of the cosine of a difference of angles based on knowledge of sine and cosine of the individual angles – and is actually valid, irrespective of the relative amplitude of angles θ₁ and θ₂. If θ₂ is set equal to π/2 in particular, then Eq. (2.320) becomes

      (2.322)

      which reduces to

(2.323)

because cos π/2 is nil and sin π/2 is unity; Eq. (2.323) confirms that sine and cosine are complementary functions – so a change of variable to x ≡ π/2 − θ₁ (implying θ₁ = π/2 − x) allows retrieval of Eq. (2.294), as expected.

      After rewriting Eq. (2.321) as

      (2.324)

      at the expense of Eqs. (2.295) and (2.296), and changing notation of −y to y (in view of its being a dummy variable), one obtains

(2.325)

      Eq. (2.325) permits rapid calculation of the cosine of a sum of two arguments, again based on the sine and cosine of the individual arguments. On the other hand, Eqs. (2.294) and (2.323) allow reformulation of Eq. (2.321) to

(2.326)

      where the argument of the left‐hand side may be rearranged to read

(2.327)

since dummy variable π/2 − x may as well be rewritten as just x, Eq. (2.327) transforms to

(2.328)

– thus unfolding an expression for the sine of a sum of two arguments based on sine and cosine of either argument. Finally, one may rewrite Eq. (2.328) as

(2.329)

again with the aid of Eqs. (2.295) and (2.296); since −y may be exchanged with y in both sides for being a dummy variable, Eq. (2.329) eventually yields

(2.330)

      – so the difference between the two cross products of sine and cosine of arguments x and y allows generation of sine of the corresponding difference.

      In view of the definition of tangent conveyed by Eq. (2.299), one may write

      (2.331)

following insertion of Eqs. (2.321) and (2.330); division of both numerator and denominator by cos x and cos y gives rise to

      (2.332)

      where insertion of Eq. (2.299) allows simplification to

(2.333)

By the same token, ordered division of Eq. (2.328) by Eq. (2.325) generates

      (2.334)

      where division of both numerator and denominator of the right‐hand side simultaneously by cos x and cos y unfolds

(2.335)

Eq. (2.335) becomes

(2.336)

after taking Eq. (2.299) into account. Equations (2.333) and (2.336) permit calculation of the tangent of an algebraic sum of arguments, knowing the tangents of the individual arguments.

      On the other hand, one may take reciprocals of both sides of Eq. (2.333) to get

      (2.337)

      with division of both numerator and denominator of the right‐hand side by tan x and tan y yielding

(2.338)