Practical Wastewater Treatment. David L. Russell

effluent characteristics from petrol...Table 2.6 Summary of discharge data for refineries connected to a POTW.Table 2.7 2010 crop production data and water use.Table 2.8 Typical waste loadings for different types of fruit and vegetable proc...Table 2.9 A comparison of water use by specific crop type vs. animal production.Table 2.10 Water use on a dairy farm based on 160 acres and 2000 head of cattle.Table 2.11 Animal equivalents for pollution generation.Table 2.12 Quantity of wastes generated by various animals in Concentrated Anima...Table 2.13 Organic matter characteristics associated with digestion of CAFO wast...Table 2.14 Common analytical methods for wastewater.Table 2.15 Analytical method errors for common metals in water by ICP.Table 2.17 Standard deviations for two types of COD measurements.Table 2.18 Variation ofk_o with temperature.

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Hydraulic conductivity of various soils.Table 3.2 Selected porosities and specific yields for common soil types.Table 3.3 Frequently occurring natural compounds in water and their treatment.

      4 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Typical values for coefficient ofnin the Manning equation.Table 5.2 Hydraulic properties of various cross‐sections used in calculation of ...Table 5.3 Properties of a Parshall flume.Table 5.4 Standard discharge formulae for weirs.

      5 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Calculation of initiating and intermediate event probabilities for oil...

      6 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Theoretical oxidation products of common organic compounds.Table 7.2 Relationship between BOD₅, COD, and TOD for certain compounds.Table 7.3 BOD, COD, and TOC for selected compounds and aromatic chemicals.Table 7.4 Disassociation constants for common chemicals in water.Table 7.5 Calcium carbonate equivalents for common ions in water.Table 7.6 Water softening example.Table 7.7 Metal solubility products and solubility constants for inorganic compo...

      7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Selective comparison of solubility products or solubilities* for certa...Table 8.2 Solubility products of cadmium ions in water.Table 8.5 Solubility products for mercury in water.Table 8.6 Characteristics of radium‐bearing waters from Piast Mine in western Po...Table 8.7 Results of radium removal trials – results are in Be/l.Table 8.8 Toxicity of cyanide compounds.Table 8.9 List of banned or highly regulated pesticides, both organic and inorga...

      8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Principal microorganisms in wastewater treatment.Table 9.2 Bacteria that oxidize ammonia to nitrite.Table 9.3 Bacteria that oxidize nitrite to nitrate.Table 9.4 Conditions and organisms that result in poor sludge settling.Table 9.5 Various kinetic constants for domestic wastewater.Table 9.6 Kinetic constraints for industrial wastes.Table 9.7 Aerobic wastewater treatment plant characterizations by loading rate.Table 9.8 Typical design parameters for activated sludge process modifications.Table 9.9 Formulation for parameter sensitive switches in activated sludge kinet...Table 9.10 The Petersen Matrix for activated sludge equations.Table 9.11 Properties of trickling filter media.

      9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Biochemical reactions and corresponding oxidation reduction potential...Table 10.2 Anaerobic pretreatment design parameters for contact stabilization an...Table 10.3 Biogas composition and production from various sources.

      10 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Comparison of filter types.

      11 Chapter 14Table 14.1 Membrane separation properties and performance.Table 14.2 Typical effluent concentration after membrane filtration.Table 14.3 RO modeling software.Table 14.4 RO model input parameters.Table 14.5 Summary of pretreatment methods for reverse osmosis.Table 14.6 Typical (Dow) membrane performance.Table 14.7 Summary of operational parameters for RO systems.

      12 Chapter 15Table 15.1 Comparison of bacterial disinfection rates – the relative ease of dis...Table 15.2 Comparison between ozone and peroxone oxidation.Table 15.3 Ion species of bromine with pH (compare with Figure 15.4 for chlori...

      13 Chapter 16Table 16.1 Precipitation reactions for various phosphate forms (solubility of ph...Table 16.2 Some of the compounds which are toxic to nitrifiers, and which would ...

      14 Chapter 17Table 17.1 Summary of carbon adsorption capacities, from EPA data.

      15 Chapter 18Table 18.1 Selective chelating resins in ion exchange.Table 18.2 Ion preference and affinity for selected compounds.

      16 Chapter 21Table 21.1 ASME guidelines for water quality in continuously operated water and ...Table 21.2 The recommended guidelines for steam purity limits for both startup a...

      17 Chapter 22Table 22.1 Input variables to each of the three principal activated sludge model...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Solubility of oxygen in water at varying temperatures, and values of...Figure 1.2 Solubility of nitrogen gas (N₂) in water at temperatures between 0 °...Figure 1.3 Ionized vs. free ammonia (%) at various pH levels at 0 °C.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Typical profiles for chemical plant wastewater discharges, showing t...Figure 2.2 Schematic for a typical induced‐draft cooling tower.Figure 2.3 Chain of custody record.Figure 2.4 Variation of BOD with temperature.Figure 2.5 The oxygen sag curve illustrating oxygen depletion.Figure 2.6 Variation of aquatic species with contaminated water.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Darcy's law – determining permeability.Figure 3.2 Common types of monitoring wells.Figure 3.3 Typical trench utilization for dewatering.Figure 3.4 Movement of groundwater contamination.Figure 3.5 Flow profiles for properly and improperly designed injection wells a...Figure 3.6 Horizontal well and distribution trench for subsurface cleanup.Figure 3.7 Groundwater well hydraulics.Figure 3.8 Plan and elevation views for determining effectiveness of an air inj...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Precision versus accuracy. (a) High precision, low accuracy and (b) ...Figure 4.2 Wastewater flows from a paper mill with solid deposition and floodin...Figure 4.3 Gurley‐Price current meter.Figure 4.4 P‐Type pitot tube often used in closed conduits and for air velocity...Figure 4.5 (a) Gaussian frequency distribution. (b) Lognormal frequency distrib...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Energy and hydraulic relationships for open channel flow.Figure 5.2 Flow characteristics in a circular sewer.Figure 5.3 Water surface profiles and slopes for open channel flows.Figure 5.4 Elements of a hydraulic jump.Figure 5.6 Pygmy current meter by Gurley instruments.Figure 5.7 Hach Marsh‐McBirney Flowdar radar flowmeter.Figure 5.8 Sutro or proportional weir.Figure 5.9 Other types of weirs commonly in use.Figure 5.10 Comparison of the accuracy of flow composite samplers under various...Figure 5.11 One of several varieties of wastewater samplers. Shown without wate...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Example of a fault tree analysis program.Figure 6.2 Basic fault tree symbols.Figure 6.3 Fault tree analysis for an oil spill.Figure 6.4 Calculation of fault tree probabilities.Figure 6.5 Bow tie analysis example.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Warburg respirometer – drawing from US Patent Office.Figure 7.2 BOD bottle.Figure 7.3 Variation of BOD and rate constant with temperature.Figure 7.4 Graphical representation of alkalinity determination by titration.Figure 7.5 Relationships in carbonate alkalinity.Figure 7.6 Hardness relationships in water.Figure 7.7 Ion balance example.Figure 7.8 Nitrogen in the environment.Figure 7.9 Effects of pH and temperature on distribution of ammonia and ammoniu...Figure 7.10 Metal solubilities at various pH levels. Source: USEPA Electroplati...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 API separator from DKV Refinery, Salambatta, Hungary.

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Anatomy of a bacterial cell.Figure 9.2 Wastewater population dynamics.Figure 9.3 Population dynamics in activated sludge wastewater treatment.Figure 9.4 Some common types of organisms found in wastewater.Figure 9.5 Determining the Monod growth rate coefficient.Figure 9.6 Basic schematic of activated sludge system.Figure 9.7 Basic wastewater treatment plant definitions.Figure 9.8 Typical configurations for single and two‐stage trickling filter pla...Figure 9.9 Waste generation rates from biological treatment plants.Figure 9.10 Comparison between orbal and oxidation ditch wastewater treatment p...Figure 9.11 Screen shot of STEADY program.Figure 9.12 Screen shot of Hydromantis software GPSX.Figure 9.13 Example of a SUMO interface window.Figure 9.14 Graphical calculation of sludge retention time (SRT) example in SUM...Figure