Practical Wastewater Treatment. David L. Russell

      

      Table of Contents

      1  Cover

      2  Acknowledgments

      3  Preface

      4  1 Composition, Chemistry, and Regulatory Framework 1.1 Water Composition 1.2 Water Characteristics and Physical Properties 1.3 Solution Chemistry: Salts and Ions in Water 1.4 Disassociation Constants for Weak Acid and Bases 1.5 Sources of Water 1.6 Analytical Methods 1.7 Laboratory Guidance 1.8 Regulatory Framework of Water Regulations 1.9 Water Use Data and Some Discharge Characteristics

      5  2 What is Water Pollution? 2.1 Pollution Defined 2.2 Chemical Industry 2.3 Cooling Towers 2.4 Boilers 2.5 Iron and Steel Industry 2.6 Mining Industries 2.7 Fracking for Oil and Gas 2.8 Petroleum Exploration 2.9 Petroleum Refining 2.10 Agricultural and Food Processing 2.11 Crop Water Use 2.12 Vegetable and Fruit Processing 2.13 Animal Farming and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 2.14 Livestock and Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations 2.15 Slaughterhouse and Meat Packing and Processing Wastes 2.16 Dairy Wastes 2.17 Measuring Pollution 2.18 The Sampling Plan 2.19 Analytical Methods and the Role of the Laboratory

      6  3 Groundwater and its Treatment 3.1 Hydraulics of Groundwater 3.2 Soil Particles and Surface Areas 3.3 Well Hydraulics 3.4 Well Packing and Screens 3.5 Trenches 3.6 Compressible Flow 3.7 Groundwater Treatment

      7  4 Statistics of Measurements 4.1 Introduction to Statistical Measurements: Background 4.2 Significant Figures 4.3 Probable Error 4.4 Repeat Measurements 4.5 Net Process Measurements 4.6 Statistical Distributions for Environmental Events 4.7 Black Swans and Data Analysis

      8  5 The Flow of Water and Wastewater 5.1 Statistical Basis for Error Estimation 5.2 Open Channel Hydraulics 5.3 Froude Number 5.4 Types of Flowmeters 5.5 Weir Plates 5.6 Alignment Errors 5.7 Samples and Sampling 5.8 Conclusion

      9  6 Troubleshooting and Emergency Planning 6.1 Fault Tree Analysis 6.2 Reverse Fault Tree Analysis 6.3 Analysis: The Five Whys 6.4 Regulatory Requirements 6.5 Software Solutions 6.6 Emergency Response Planning

      10  7 Chemistry and Analyses 7.1 Aquatic Testing 7.2 Bacterial Testing 7.3 Dissolved Organic Materials – BOD, COD, and TOC 7.4 Common Ion Species 7.5 Hardness 7.6 Chemical Water Softening