Carbon Dioxide Emission Management in Power Generation. Prof. Lars O. Nord

of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Vostok ice core data for 420 000 years. Atmospheric CO₂ concentra...Figure 1.2 Options for reducing global warming.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Options for storing CO₂ in deep underground geological formations...Figure 2.2 EOR with CO₂.Figure 2.3 Example flow sheet for a CO₂ compression process with a three-sta...Figure 2.4 Work for compression CO₂ from 1.013 bar and 30 °C, saturated with...Figure 2.5 Work for compression CO₂ from a given inlet pressure and 30 °C to...Figure 2.6 Block diagram of two possible processes for flue gas separation: ...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Types of coals, their main uses, and reserve shares.Figure 3.2 Historical coal prices 1990–2017.Figure 3.3 Total world primary energy consumption as % by fuel or energy sou...

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Enthalpy of formation for various carbon-containing substances (1...Figure 4.2 Formation of CO₂ from various fuels. On the right-hand side ordin...Figure 4.3 Phase diagram of CO₂. The critical point is at 73.773 bar and 30....Figure 4.4 Log p-H diagram for CO₂. Lines for constant temperature (−55 to...Figure 4.5 The density of CO₂ at different pressures and temperatures. In th...Figure 4.6 Compressibility (Z) of CO₂ at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure at tempe...Figure 4.7 Compressibility (Z) of air at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure and temp...Figure 4.8 Compressibility (Z) of hydrogen at 1, 10, and 30 bar pressure and...Figure 4.9 Specific heat capacity of pure CO₂ at 1 bar.Figure 4.10 Specific heat capacity from the definition in Eq. (4.14) of pure...Figure 4.11 Specific heat capacity of dry air at 1 bar.Figure 4.12 Specific heat capacity of pure hydrogen at 1 bar.Figure 4.13 Comparison of molar-specific heat capacity of air, hydrogen, and...Figure 4.14 Comparison of specific heat capacity ratios (κ) of air, hyd...Figure 4.15 Thermal conductivity of selected gases: nitrogen – N₂, oxygen – ...Figure 4.16 Dynamic viscosity of selected gases: nitrogen – N₂, oxygen – O₂,...Figure 4.17 Solubility of CO₂ in pure H₂O, given as a mass fraction of CO₂ i...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Processes for power generation with coal. The acronyms are explai...Figure 5.2 Example of a steam cycle flow diagram for a coal power plant. A t...Figure 5.3 Coal-fired power plant with main components. The flue gas is reje...Figure 5.4 Key components and setup of a CFBC process with external fluidise...Figure 5.5 Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) – process flow diag...Figure 5.6 A gas turbine consisting of a compressor, combustion chamber, and...Figure 5.7 Turbine stage with vanes to the left whose main function is to ac...Figure 5.8 Temperature entropy diagram of a gas turbine cycle (a) and combin...Figure 5.9 Turbine blade with a number of holes for film cooling.Figure 5.10 Development of turbine inlet temperature (definition in ISO 2314...Figure 5.11 Classification of gas turbines by the number of shafts.Figure 5.12 Flow diagram of a gas turbine showing numbers for the indices us...Figure 5.13 Compressor characteristics.Figure 5.14 Turbine characteristics.Figure 5.15 Gas turbine exit flow rate for a combined cycle where a combinat...Figure 5.16 The relative flow rate of CO₂ (left) as a function of the combin...Figure 5.17 Relation between NO _x emission and adiabatic flame temperature at...Figure 5.18 Wobbe index for mixtures of hydrogen with methane (CH₄), nitroge...Figure 5.19 Gas turbine power output relative to using methane (CH₄) (left o...Figure 5.20 Gas turbine flue gas steam percentage (left ordinate, solid line...Figure 5.21 Impact on hot gas path parts' lifetime with increasing H₂O fract...Figure 5.22 Combined gas turbine and steam turbine cycle – ‘combined cycle’....Figure 5.23 Combined cycle with a single-pressure steam cycle. Note that thi...Figure 5.24 Combined cycle with a dual-pressure steam cycle. Note that this ...Figure 5.25 Combined cycle with a dual-pressure reheat steam cycle. Note tha...Figure 5.26 Combined cycle with a triple-pressure reheat steam cycle. Note t...Figure 5.27 Illustration of a typical temperature profile from the hot flue ...Figure 5.28 TQ diagram showing the heat transfer process between flue gas an...Figure 5.29 TQ diagrams for various flue gas temperatures, keeping the pinch...Figure 5.30 Four steam cycle cooling systems.Figure 5.31 Large cooling tower. The height may be up to 160 m.Figure 5.32 TQ-diagram of a water-cooled steam condenser.Figure 5.33 Typical intervals for steam condensing pressure for the four met...Figure 5.34 Example of relative steam turbine power output as a function of ...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 A piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a compression by a downward ...Figure 6.2 Compression (isentropic) exit temperature for air, hydrogen, and ...Figure 6.3 Compression work depending on pressure ratio and value of the pol...Figure 6.4 Illustration of the similarity between mixing and separation.Figure 6.5 Complete separation of N gas components (left) where all gas comp...Figure 6.6 Minimum work requirement for separation, w _rev, is expressed as en...Figure 6.7 Minimum work requirement for separation, w _rev, depending on the c...

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Enthalpy of formation for various methane combustion processes at...Figure 7.2 Efficiency of a simple cycle CH₄-fired gas turbine with varying f...Figure 7.3 Efficiency of a simple cycle CH₄-fired gas turbine with varying f...Figure 7.4 Example of net power plant efficiency calculation for a large mod...Figure 7.5 Additional consumption of fuel per kWh power for CO₂ capture at d...Figure 7.6 Reduction in power plant efficiency for the minimum work requirem...Figure 7.7 Theoretical minimum reduction in efficiency caused by separation ...Figure 7.8 Reduction in power plant efficiency caused by CO₂ capture and com...Figure 7.9 Mass balances for CO₂ capture.Figure 7.10 The difference between ‘CO₂ captured’ and ‘CO₂ avoided’ for a po...Figure 7.11 Relation between CO₂ capture ratio and CO₂ capture efficiency, d...

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 The routes from formation of CO₂ via various methods for separati...Figure 8.2 Principle methods for CO₂ capture from power plants using carbona...Figure 8.3 Typical molar composition of flue gas from a natural gas-fired co...Figure 8.4 Typical molar composition of syngas from a natural gas-fired refo...Figure 8.5 Typical molar composition of the flue gas from a natural gas-fire...Figure 8.6 Partial pressure of CO₂ from the most important CO₂ producing sta...

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Henry's law constant for CO₂ in water.Figure 9.2 Generic illustration of the solubility of CO₂ in an aqueous alkan...Figure 9.3 Illustration of the difference between a chemical and physical so...Figure 9.4 Absorption/desorption process where only the temperature swing in...Figure 9.5 Absorption/desorption process where both pressure and temperature...Figure 9.6 Packing in absorption and desorption columns/towers. Raschig ring...Figure 9.7 Vapour–liquid–solid equilibrium reactions for aqueous ammonia.Figure 9.8 Illustration of the required amount of MEA and water (15 and 30 w...

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The principle manner of operation for a membrane. The sweep gas ...Figure 10.2 Principles for electrolytes (left) and ion transport membranes (...Figure 10.3 Schematic of a membrane absorber.

      11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The basic principle of pre-combustion CO₂ capture.Figure 11.2 The main chemical process steps for pre-combustion CO₂ capture f...Figure 11.3 Steam reforming of methane (CH₄) for different steam-to-carbon r...Figure 11.4 Air-blown partial oxidation of methane (CH₄) for different steam...Figure 11.5 Oxygen-blown partial oxidation of methane (CH₄) for different st...Figure 11.6 Achievable H₂/CO ratios of reforming technologies. The values wi...Figure 11.7 The ‘gasification footprint’ shows key characteristics for a giv...Figure 11.8 Classification of gasifier operating principles. (a) Moving/fix...Figure 11.9 Sasol–Lurgi dry ash gasifier.Figure 11.10 BGL gasifier.Figure 11.11 Siemens Fuel Gasification (SFG) gasifier, formerly known as t...Figure 11.12 Temperature increase over water–gas shift reactor (WGS), with a...Figure 11.13 H₂/CO ratio at the exit of the water–gas shift reactor (WGS) as...Figure 11.14 Integration of water-gas shift and CO₂ capture processes. By co...Figure 11.15 Integration of water-gas shift and CO₂ capture processes. By co...Figure 11.16 Integration of the reforming, water-gas shift, and