An Introduction to Molecular Biotechnology. Группа авторов

465

      462  466

      463  467

      464  468

      465  469

      466  470

      467  471

      468  472

      469  473

      470  474

      471  475

      472  476

      473  477

      474  478

      475  479

      476  480

      477  481

      478  482

      479  483

      480  484

      481  485

      482  486

      483  487

      484  488

      485  489

      486 491

      487 492

      488 493

      489 494

      490 495

      491 496

      492 497

      493 498

      494 499

      495 500

      496 501

      497 502

      498 503

      499 504

      500 505

      501 506

      502 507

      503 508

      504 509

      505 510

      506 511

      507 512

      508 513

      509 514

      510 515

      511 516

      512 517

      513 518

      514  519

      An Introduction toMolecular Biotechnology

      Fundamentals, Methods and Applications

       Edited by MichaelWink

Copyright

       Editor

       Michael Wink

      Universität Heidelberg

      Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare

      Biotechnologie (IPMB)

      Im Neuenheimer Feld 329

      69120 Heidelberg

      Germany

       Cover credits

      Shutterstock #287352494 / paulista

      All books published by Wiley‐VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

      Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

      British Library Cataloguing‐in‐Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

      Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

      © 2021 WILEY‐VCH GmbH, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

      All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

      Print ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐34414‐7

      ePDF ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81286‐8

      ePub ISBN: 978‐3‐527‐81288‐2

      Cover Design Formgeber, Mannheim, Germany

Part I Fundamentals of Cellular and Molecular Biology

1 The Cell as the Basic Unit of Life

       Michael Wink

       Heidelberg University, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), Im Neuenheimer Feld 329, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany

The base unit of life is the cell. Cells constitute the base element of all prokaryotic cells (cells without a cell nucleus, e.g. Bacteria and Archaea) and eukaryotic cells (or Eukarya) (cells possessing a nucleus, e.g. protozoa, fungi, plants, and animals). Cells are small, membrane‐bound units with a diameter of 1–20 μm and are filled with concentrated aqueous solutions. Cells are not created de novo, but possess the ability to copy themselves, meaning that they emerge from the division of a previous cell. This means that all cells, since the beginning of life (around 4 billion years ago), are connected with each other in a continuous lineage. In 1885, the famous cell biologist Rudolf Virchow conceived the law of omnis cellula e cellula (all cells arise from cells), which is still valid today.

The structure and composition of all cells are very similar due to their shared evolution and phylogeny (Figure 1.1). We see an astonishing constancy in fundamental structures and mechanisms. Owing to this, it is possible to limit the discussion of the general characteristics of a cell to a few basic types (Figure 1.2):

       Bacterial cells

       Plant cells

       Animal cells

Figure 1.1 Tree of life – phylogeny of life domains.

Скачать книгу