Musical Instruments of the Indigenous People of South Africa. Percival Kirby

4, Venda.

       Figure 5.4.Chwana playing upon a kwatha.

       Figure 5.5.Venda playing upon a phalaphala made from gemsbok horn.

       Figure 5.6.Signal horns. 1, 5, horns of sea-weed; 2, 3, Zulu upondo of ox-horn; 4, tin horn used by Capetown fish vendors.

       Figure 5.7.Small signal horns, called tshihoho, of the Venda. 1, made from wood; 2, made from pumpkin stem; 3, 4, 5, made from horn.

       Figure 5.8.Venda playing upon a tshihoho made from horn.

       Figure 5.9.Playing upon a tshihoho made from pumpkin stem.

       Figure 5.10.Zulu playing upon the icilongo.

       Figure 5.11.The Phalaphala Dance.

       Figure 6.1.Pedi boy playing upon the lengwane.

       Figure 6.2.Zulu witch-doctor’s collar, with medicine containers and whistles, including the impempe which is made from reed.

       Figure 6.3.Pedi whistles, called naka ya lethlaka, made from reed.

       Figure 6.4.Pedi boy playing upon the naka ya lethlaka.

       Figure 6.5.Signal whistles made from duiker and springbok horns. 1, 2, Swazi; 3, Venda; 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, Bushman; 9, 10, Bushman whistles made from ostrich quills.

       Figure 6.6.Whistles, called lengwane, made from bone. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Pedi; 6, 7, 8, Chwana.

       Figure 6.7.Four Pedi boys playing upon the lengwane.

       Figure 6.8.Doctor’s whistles. 1, Chwana (Bamalete) naka; 2, Pedi tsula ya noko; 3, Sotho (Tvl.) naka; 4, Chwana (Bakgatla) naka; 5, Pedi tsula, or ‘lightning flute’; 6, Zulu imbande; 7, Sotho (Tvl.) naka.

       Figure 6.9.Chwana (Bakgatla) doctor sounding his naka.

       Figure 6.10.Thonga doctor with his ivory whistle.

       Figure 6.11.Pedi sounding the tsula ya noko.

       Figure 6.12.Signal whistles made from wood. 1, 2, 3, 4, Pedi; 5, 6, 7, Venda; 8, Soap-stone whistle, Damara.

       Figure 6.13.Venda sounding the nanga ya davhi.

       Figure 6.14.Venda boys’ signal whistles, called dzhio.

       Figure 6.15.Zulu doctor sounding his imbande.

       Figure 6.16.Sotho (Bas.) lekhitlane. Two specimens.

       Figure 6.17.Signal whistles made from horn or wood. 1, Chwana (Bakgatla) of horn; 2, Pedi of wood; 3, 4, Venda of horn.

       Figure 6.18.Swazi sounding the luveve.

       Figure 6.19.Open flutes. 1, 2, 3, Zulu umtshingo; 4, 5, 6, Swazi umtshingosi; 7, Sotho (Bas.) lekolilo; 8, Chwana (Bangwaketse) mokoreie.

       Figure 6.20.Old Zulu playing upon the umtshingo of reed.

       Figure 6.21.Swazi boy playing upon the umshingosi of umsenge.

       Figure 6.22.Chwana (Bangwaketse) playing upon the mokoreie.

       Figure 6.23.Four sets of Zulu amagemfe.

       Figure 6.24.Zulu boys playing upon the amagemfe.

       Figure 6.25.Transverse flutes. 1, 2, Swazi; 3, 4, 5, Venda; 6, 7, 8, 12, Pedi; 9, Lemba; 10, Thonga; 11, Balubedu; 13, 14, 15, Zulu.

       Figure 6.26.Pedi boy playing upon a transverse flute, called naka ya lethlaka.

       Figure 6.27.Thonga ocarinas, called shiwaya.

       Figure 6.28.Thonga playing upon the shiwaya.

       Figure 6.29.Karanga and Venda flutes. 1, 3, Venda khumbgwe; 2, Karanga ombgwe.

       Figure 6.30.Karanga playing upon the ombgwe.

       Figure 6.31.Whistles imitated from European models. 1, Xhosa; 2, 3, 4, Zulu; 5, Venda; 6, 7, 8, 9, Zulu.

       Figure 6.32.Venda humming-tops and dancing puppet.

       Figure 6.33.1, Sotho (Tvl.) vibrating reed, made from mealie-stalk; 2, Thonga toy whistle; 3, model of Venda sitlanjani.

       Figure 7.1.Set of Nama Hottentot reed-flutes, with tuning-stick.

       Figure 7.2.Korana Hottentot sounding a reed-flute.

       Figure 7.3.Set of Chwana (Bamalete) reed-flutes and tuning-sticks.

       Figure 7.4.Chwana (Bamalete) reed-flute ensemble.

       Figure 7.5.Sets of reed-flutes. 1, Venda; 2, Sotho (Tvl.); 3, Bushman; 4, odd Venda reed-flutes, showing ornamentation.

       Figure 7.6.Venda reed-flute ensemble, showing the circle of dancers.

       Figure 8.1.Sotho (Bas.) playing upon the lesiba.

       Figure 8.2.Ends of Hottentot gora with tuning-peg.

       Figure 8.3.Korana Hottentot playing upon the gora.

       Figure 8.4.1.Quill ends of 1, 2, Sotho (Bas.) lesiba; 3, Chwana kwadi

       Figure 8.4.2.Quill ends of Pedi lesiba.

       Figure 8.4.3.Quill ends of, 1, Xhosa ugwali; 2, 3, Zulu ugwala.

       Figure 8.4.4.Quill ends of Venda ugwala.

       Figure 8.5.Pedi lesiba player seen from behind, showing the tip of the quill between the slightly parted lips.

       Figure 9.1.Chwana (Bamalete) playing upon the segankuru.

       Figure 9.2.Bushman with bow.

       Figure 9.3.Bushman using bow as a musical instrument.

       Figure 9.4.Stringed instruments, Group I (a). 1, Chwana segwana; 2, Swazi ligubu; 3, Zulu ugubu; 4, Sotho (Bas.) thomo; 5, 6, Xhosa uhadi.

       Figure 9.5.Swazi playing upon the ligubu.

       Figure 9.6.Swazi girl playing upon the umakweyana.

       Figure 9.7.Stringed instruments, Group I (b). 1, Thonga nkoka; 2, Venda dende; 3, Swazi umakweyana; 4, Zulu umakweyana; 5, 6, Pedi sekgapa.

       Figure 9.8.Hottentot woman playing upon a precursor of the kha:s.

       Figure 9.9.Stringed instruments, Group II (a): Korana kha:s.

       Figure 9.10.Korana woman playing upon the kha:s, with string open.

       Figure 9.11.Korana woman playing upon the kha:s, with string stopped by chin.

       Figure 9.12.Stringed instruments, Group II (a): Chwana nokokwane with milk-sack resonator.

       Figure 9.13.Chwana (Bamalete) playing upon the nokokwane.

       Figure 9.14.Stringed instruments, Group II (b). 1, 2, Chwana segankuru; 3, Zulu ubhel’indhlela; 4, Sotho (Bas.) sekatari; 5, Xhosa uhadi; 6, Venda tsijolo; 7, Pedi sekgobogobo.

       Figure 9.15.Venda playing upon the tsijolo.

       Figure 9.16.Chwana (Bamalete) playing upon