and staffing resources typically necessary
Access to basic veterinary care
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Health benefits of preventive health care and other primary veterinary care
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Enhances the human‐animal bond by preventing unmanaged medical concerns
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Can be partnered with human health initiatives for a One Health community approach
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Potential for strategic partnerships with human health agencies and/or private practitioners
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Varies based on model but typically requires a moderate to significant resource investment as for spay‐neuter services
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Return‐to‐field programs
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Health benefits of sterilization and vaccination
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If a caretaker is present, help to reduce colony size and improve colony health
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Reduce the free‐roaming cat population
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Reduce euthanasia of healthy cats and foster collaboration with the community in trapping and caring for these cats
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Require the resources to manage the program and provide sterilization services (but may be outweighed by reduced resources for sheltering and euthanasia)
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Behavioral care
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Behavior resources
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Improved behavioral health
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Increased knowledge regarding pet care
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May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors
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Enhance the knowledge base of clientele
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Minimal resources to collate information and review the information with clients
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Training classes
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Improved behavioral health
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Increased training knowledge, an opportunity for socialization of the pet, and an opportunity for a relationship with a trainer and other pet owners
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May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors
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Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and potential for collaboration with local training services
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Moderate to significant resource investment, particularly if combined with outreach
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Behavior hotlines
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Improved behavioral health
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Increased individualized knowledge regarding pet care
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May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors
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Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and the community
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Minimal to modest resource investment dependent on program structure and expert support
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Behavior consultations
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Improved behavioral health
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Increased individualized knowledge and support in addressing pet behavior concerns
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May reduce nuisance or dangerous pet behaviors
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Strengthen organizational ties with adopters and potential for collaboration with local trainers
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Significant resource investment dependent on program structure and scope
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* The desired impact of all safety net programs is to prevent unnecessary companion animal relinquishment. Only benefits more specific to the individual programs are described.