Animal Behavior for Shelter Veterinarians and Staff. Группа авторов

products, or the husbandry activities associated with cleaning, could also act as stressors for dogs (Rooney et al. 2009).

      1.6.3.6 Sounds

      Shelter acoustics generally include husbandry‐oriented noises, people talking at varying decibels, barking, and even loud music. Shelter noise levels are in the area of 85 to 120 db, comparable to a subway, jackhammer, or propeller aircraft (Coppola et al. 2006). Noises, depending on their regularity and acoustic properties, can promote acute or chronic stress. Benefits of the addition of human‐centric noises, such as different types of music, is somewhat equivocal. Heavy metal music significantly increased dog body shaking, whereas classical music was associated with more resting behavior (Wells et al. 2002). At the same time, the effect of the same or inescapable music over extended periods of time has not been studied.

      1.6.3.7 Lack of Predictability and Control

      Lack of predictability and control over contingencies are known challenges to welfare (Taylor and Mills 2007). Dogs living on the streets or in homes build up expectations and associations in relation to known environments. The imposition of daily cleaning and feeding and walking schedules as well as consistent interactions can offer shelter dogs a sense of predictability. However, excessive monotony is a risk factor for dogs as well. Creating motivations for dogs to perform behaviors for particular rewards could enhance welfare, and positive affective states could be achieved as a result of self‐directed problem solving (McGowan et al. 2014). Identifying potential shelter stressors provides an opportunity to ameliorate them and make them predictable, controllable, or decreased in terms of intensity, frequency, or duration. In shelters, control can be diminished by physical restriction, for example, in terms of space, that limits agency to flee or retreat. As a result, frustration or appetitive behaviors may appear as well as new, possibly undesirable behaviors.

1.7 Conclusions

      Dogs have a unique worldview that differs from that of other companion animal species. Although dogs and humans have lived together for thousands of years, dogs maintain their own species‐specific worldview, behaviors, and interests. Dogs have not become more “human‐like” because some now have birthday parties or Instagram accounts. Dogs living on streets will scavenge, while dogs living in homes might be reprimanded for “exploring” the trash—same behavior, interpreted differently due to context. This chapter asks that people regard dogs on their terms, not ours, and pay direct attention to in situ behavior.

Acknowledgments

      We thank Natalya Zahn for lending her artistic talents and eye for dogs to this project. Heaps of thanks to Merav Stein (first edition) and Molly Ball (second edition) for taking on the unenviable task of citation compilation and editing.Please visit the companion website for video clips and downloadable resources associated with this chapter.

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