Large Animal Neurology. Joe Mayhew

Wijnberg ID, Back W, de Jong M, et al. The role of electromyography in clinical diagnosis of neuromuscular locomotor problems in the horse. Equine Vet J 2004; 36(8): 718–722.

      71 71 Wrzosek M, Niezwiedz A, Giza E, Borowicz and Nicpon J. Auditory brainstem evoked response (BAER) in the diagnosis of nervous system diseases in horses. Medycyna Weterynaryjna 2012; 68(9): 557–561.

      72 72 Konold T, Phelan LJ, Cawthraw S, et al. Abnormalities in brainstem auditory evoked potentials in sheep with transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and lack of a clear pathological relationship. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3: 60.

      73 73 Aleman M, Spriet M, Williams DC and Nieto JE. Neurologic deficits including auditory loss and recovery of function in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30(1): 282–288.

      74 74 Aleman M, Madigan JE, Williams DC and Holliday TA. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in an equine patient population. Part II ‐ foals. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28(4): 1318–1324.

      75 75 Aleman M, Holliday TA, Nieto JE and Williams DC. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in an equine patient population. Part I ‐ adult horses. J Vet Intern Med 2014; 28(4): 1310–1317.

      76 76 Wilson WJ, Mills PC and Dzulkarnain AA. Use of BAER to identify loss of auditory function in older horses. Aust Vet J 2011; 89(3): 73–76.

      77 77 Arai S, Matsui Y, Fukuda S, Okada H and Onoe S. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials in experimentally‐induced bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Res Vet Sci 2009; 87(1): 111–114.

      78 78 Webb AA, Cullen CL and Lamont LA. Brainstem auditory evoked responses and ophthalmic findings in llamas and alpacas in Eastern Canada. Can Vet J 2006; 47(1): 74–77.

      79 79 Strain GM, Tedford BL and Gill MS. Brainstem auditory evoked potentials and flash visual evoked potentials in Vietnamese miniature pot‐bellied pigs. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80(1): 91–95.

      80 80 Harland MM, Stewart AJ, Marshall AE and Belknap EB. Diagnosis of deafness in a horse by brainstem auditory evoked potential. Can Vet J 2006; 47(2): 151–154.

      81 81 Mayhew IG. The clinical utility of brainstem auditory evoked response testing in horses. Equine Vet Educ 2003; 15: 27–33.

      82 82 Ström L, Bröjer J and Ekesten B. Variability, repeatability and test‐retest reliability of equine flash visual evoked potentials (FVEPs). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16(1): 261.

      83 83 Strom L, Michanek M and Ekesten B. Age‐associated changes in the equine flash visual evoked potential. Vet Ophthalmol 2019; 22(4): 388–397.

      84 84 Aleman M, Crowe C, Dechant J, Bellone RR and Avila, F. Brainstem auditory evoked responses and bone conduction assessment in alpacas. Res Vet Sci 2021; 136: 297–302.

      85 85 Journée SL, Journée HL, Berends HI, et al. Comparison of muscle MEPs from transcranial magnetic and electrical stimulation and appearance of reflexes in horses. Front Neurosci 2020; 14(994).

      86 86 Mayhew IG and Washbourne JR. Magnetic motor evoked potentials in ponies. J Vet Intern Med 1996; 10(5): 326–329.

      87 87 Nollet H, Deprez P, van Ham L, et al. Transcranial magnetic stimulation: normal values of magnetic motor evoked potentials in 84 normal horses and influence of height, weight, age and sex. Equine Vet J 2004; 36(1): 51–57.

      88 88 Nollet H, Vanschandevijl K, Van Ham L, Vanderstraeten G and Deprez P. Role of transcranial magnetic stimulation in differentiating motor nervous tract disorders from other causes of recumbency in four horses and one donkey. Vet Rec 2005; 157(21): 656–658.

      89 89 Rijckaert J, Pardon B, Van Ham L, et al. Magnetic motor evoked potentials of cervical muscles in horses. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14(1): 290.

      90 90 Clark ES, Semrad SD, Bichsel P and Oliver JE. Cystometrography and urethral pressure profiles in healthy horse and pony mares. Am J Vet Res 1987; 48(4): 552–555.

      91 91 Lavoie JP and Kay A. Urethral pressure profilometry in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1987; 191(2): 212–216.

      92 92 Ronen N. Measurements of urethral pressure profiles in the male horse. Equine Vet J 1994; 26(1): 55–58.

      93 93 Lakritz J, Barr BC, George LW, et al. Cervical and thoracic vertebral malformation (“weak neck”) in Colombia lambs. J Vet Intern Med 1995; 9(6): 393–398.

      94 94 Braun U, Fluckiger M, Gerspach C and Grest P. Clinical and radiographic findings in six cattle with cervical diskospondylitis. Vet Rec 2003; 152(20): 630–632.

      95 95 Estell K, Spriet M, Phillips KL, Aleman M and Finno CJ. Current dorsal myelographic column and dural diameter reduction rules do not apply at the cervicothoracic junction in horses. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2018; 59(6): 662–666.

      96 96 Scrivani PV, Levine JM, Holmes NL, et al. Observer agreement study of cervical‐vertebral ratios in horses. Equine Vet J 2011; 43(4): 399–403.

      97 97 Withers JM, Voute LC, Hammond G and Lischer CJ. Radiographic anatomy of the articular process joints of the caudal cervical vertebrae in the horse on lateral and oblique projections. Equine Vet J 2009; 41(9): 895–902.

      98 98 Tucker R, Windley ZE, Abernethy AD, et al. Radiographic, computed tomographic and surgical anatomy of the equine sphenopalatine sinus in normal and diseased horses. Equine Vet J 2016; 48(5): 578–584.

      99 99 Butler JA, Colles CM, Dyson SJ, Kold SE and Poulos PW. Clinical Radiology of the Horse. 4th ed. Wiley‐Blackwell, Oxford. 2017; 808.

      100 100 Oliver JE, Hoerlein BF and Mayhew IG. Veterinary Neurology. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA. 1987; 7–56.

      101 101 Taylor DS, Wisner ER, Kuesis BS, Smith SG and O'Brien TR. Gas accumulation in the subarachnoid space resulting from blunt trauma to the occipital region of a horse. Vet Radiol Ultra 1993; 34(3): 191–193.

      102 102 Van Biervliet J, Perkins GA, Woodie B, et al. Clinical signs, computed tomographic imaging, and management of chronic otitis media/interna in dairy calves. J Vet Intern Med 2004; 18(6): 907–910.

      103 103 Rantanen NW, Gavin PR, Barbee DD and Sande RD. Ataxia and paresis in horses. Part II. Radiographic and myelographic examination of the cervical vertebral column. Comp Cont Ed Pract Vet 1981; 3: S161–S71.

      104 104 Whitwell KE and Dyson S. Interpreting radiographs. 8: Equine cervical vertebrae. Equine Vet J 1987; 19(1): 8–14.

      105 105 Tirgari M, Howard BR and Boargob A. Clinical and radiographical diagnosis of coenurosis cerebralis in sheep and its surgical treatment. Vet Rec 1987; 120(8A): 173–178.

      106 106 Dyson SJ. Lesions of the equine neck resulting in lameness or poor performance. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2011; 27(3): 417–437.

      107 107 Rendano VT and Quick CB. Equine radiology‐the cervical spine. Mod Vet Pract 1978; 53: 921–929.

      108 108 Veraa S, Bergmann W, van den Belt AJ, Wijnberg I and Back W. ex vivo computed tomographic evaluation of morphology variations in equine cervical vertebrae. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2016; 57(5): 482–488.

      109 109 Beccati F, Santinelli I, Nannarone S and Pepe M. Influence of neck position on commonly performed radiographic measurements of the cervical vertebral region in horses. Am J Vet Res 2018; 79(10): 1044–1049.

      110 110 Janes JG, Garrett KS, McQuerry KJ, et al. Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging with standing cervical radiographs for evaluation of vertebral canal stenosis in equine cervical stenotic myelopathy. Equine Vet J 2014; 46(6): 681–686.

      111 111 Schmidt SP, Forsythe WB, Cowgill HM and Myers RK. A case of congenital occipitoatlantoaxial malformation (OAAM) in a lamb. J Vet Diagn Invest 1993; 5(3): 458–462.

      112 112 Watson AG, Wilson JH, Cooley AJ, Donovan GA and Spencer CP. Occipito‐atlanto‐axial malformation with atlanto‐axial subluxation in an ataxic calf. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1985; 187(7): 740–742.

      113 113 Penny C, Macrae A, Hagen R, et al. Compressive cervical myelopathy in young Texel and Beltex sheep. J Vet Intern Med 2007; 21(2): 322–327.

      114 114 Beech J. Metrizamide myelography in the horse. J Am Vet Rad Soc 1979;