Liquid Crystal Displays. Ernst Lueder

different phase differences δ = 2π(Δn/λ)z (Reproduced from Born and Wolf, 1980 with permission of Elsevier.)Figure 3.8 Angles of polarizer and analyser for the Fréedericksz cellFigure 3.9 The intensity Iy, of the Fréedericksz cell for two values of α in Equation (3.73)Figure 3.10 The intensity Ix, of the Fréedericksz cell for two values of α in Equation (3.72)Figure 3.11 The angles of the electric field and the polarizers in a normally white Fréedericksz cell with linearly polarized light at the output d = λ/2Δn. (a) Crossed polarizers; (b) parallel polarizersFigure 3.12 The reflective Fréedericksz cell. (a) Cross-section; (b) top view; (c) explanation of the operation of a reflective cell in the field-free stateFigure 3.13 An LCD used as an SLM operating as a multiplierFigure 3.14 |Jzξ| in Equation (3.88) plotted versus α and zFigure 3.15 The linearly polarized light in parallel (α = 0) to the projection of the long axis of the LC molecules into the x-y planeFigure 3.16 Measured phase-shift curves of a Fréedericksz cellFigure 3.17 The DAP cell or Vertically Aligned (VA) cell in the field-free stateFigure 3.18 The sputtering of an SiO₂ orientation layer under an oblique angle of 70°Figure 3.19 The reflective HAN cell. (a) Cross-section; (b) optical anisotropy An(z)Figure 3.20 The operation of a reflective HAN cell. (a) In the field-free state; (b) if a voltage is appliedFigure 3.21 The pretilt angles and the relaxation to the off-state. (a) Of a TN cell; (b) of a π cellFigure 3.22 The electro-optical response to a square voltage pulse. (a) Of a TN cell with a prolonged relaxation; and (b) of a π cell with a fast relaxationFigure 3.23 The anchoring of LC molecules at z = 0 and z = dFigure 3.24 Normalized rise time T_m versus normalized voltage V_n with various tilt angles θd and θ₀. (a) For p-type and (b) n-type nematic LCsFigure 3.25 Normalized rise time T_m versus normalized voltage V_n with the ratio K of elastic constants as parameter (a) for p-type and (b) n-type nematic LCsFigure 3.26 The ratio T_dn in Equation (3.110) versus K for a p-type nematic LCFigure 3.27 The ratio T_dn in Equation (3.111) versus K for an n-type nematic LCFigure 3.28 An LC cell with (a) the isotropic blue phase when the field is off and (b) the anisotropic phase when the field is on. This figure was reproduced from Yang, Y. C. et al., SID 09, p. 586 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 3.29 Phase diagram of chiral nematic LCs with blue phases BP I and BP II. This figure was reproduced from Kikuchi, H. et al., SID 09, p. 580 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 3.30 Response time of the PSI-mode. This figure was reproduced from Yang, Y. C. et al., SID 09, p. 589 with permission by The Society for Information DisplayFigure 3.31 Transmittance versus voltage of the PSI-mode. This figure was reproduced from Yang, Y. C. et al., SID 09, p. 588 with permission by The Society for Information Display

      3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The general twisted nematic LCD with twist angle βFigure 4.2 The propagation of light from the Jones vector J₁ at the input to the Jones vector O_s at the output through the transmission matrices Tv and the rotation matrices RvFigure 4.3 The intensity of light passing through a non-addressed TN-LCD with twist angle β = π/2 with a = 2dΔn/λ according to Equation (4.59)Figure 4.4 The intensity of light passing through a non-addressed normally white TN-LCD with twist angle β = π/2 and with a = 2dΔn/λ according to Equation (4.63)Figure 4.5 Angles and coordinates for an STN displayFigure 4.6 Transmitted luminance and midlayer tilt versus the voltage across an STN cell with a twist of β = 240°, an off-voltage of 2.58V and an on-voltage of 2.75V for addressing 240 lines (Reproduced from Scheffer and Nehring, 1998 with permission of Annual Reviews.)Figure 4.7 Midlayer tilt versus voltage of an STN cell with twist angle β as a parameter (Reproduced from Scheffer and Nehring, 1998 with permission of Annual Reviews.)Figure 4.8 The influence of the pretilt angle on the electro-distortional curve of the midlayer in an STN cell (Reproduced from Scheffer and Nehring, 1998 with permission of Annual Reviews.)Figure 4.9 Transmitted spectrum of a 240° STN display with the addressing voltage as a parameter (Reproduced from Scheffer and Nehring, 1998 with permission of Annual Reviews.)Figure 4.10 The reduced intensity of a mixed mode TN displayFigure 4.11 Incident (—) and reflected (- - -) elliptically polarized light at the metallic mirror of a reflective cellFigure 4.12 The reduced intensity of a mixed mode TN display versus λ = πdΔn/a with Δn (V_LC)Figure 4.13 The tilt of the LC molecules under the influence of a voltage V_LC for Δε > 0

      4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 The Poincaré sphere as a description of polarizationFigure 5.2 The complex plane for χ and the pertinent polarizationsFigure 5.3 Jones vector J with its complex components Jx and Jy and the unity vectors r and l for circular polarization

      5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The direction of

and

of the ordinary beam and of

and

of the extraordinary beam in