Sustainable Agriculture Systems and Technologies. Группа авторов

11834b 168.6c 50.6b 137478b 474.0c Maize‐mustard (PM28)‐late wheat (HD 3118) 49922a 12252a 172.1b 51.9b 144996a 499.9b Zn levels Control 44881.5c 10332d 166.5d 46.4a 117975d 435.4d Zn 2.5 48810.8b 10828c 180.9c 46.8ab 126037c 465.9c Zn 5.0 49570.4b 11622b 183.9b 49.7b 141019b 520.5b

System productivity of maize (fodder)‐early mustard (PM 28)‐late wheat (HD 3118) was recorded maximum with higher net return and B : C ratio. Similarly higher system productivity and profitability were recorded under 5.0 kg Zn application during kharif season crop in a calendar crop year.

2.7.2 Diversification with Pulse‐Based Cropping Systems in Different Agroclimatic Zones

Legumes are the crops very vital for a successful crop diversification plan of any area. These crops through, biological N fixation, maintain optimum soil health and good soil fertility. An ideal crop diversification plan must include leguminous crops either as sequence cropping or intercropping. Recognizing the importance of pulses for meeting dietary requirements of vast vegetarian population on one hand and their role in improving soil health and conserving natural resources on the other, the efforts were made to develop high yielding, short duration and disease resistant varieties of different pulse crops which can help in diversification and intensification of popular cropping systems. The development of short duration, disease‐resistant and high yielding varieties in the recent past made these crops a viable alternative to low yielding coarse cereals under rainfed conditions and also provided an opportunity for expansion in rice fallows and in double cropping systems. Due to the reasons of source of nutritious food, feed, and forage, pulses are an integral part of subsistence cropping system in large part of the country. The pulses are grown in almost all types of cropping systems as a sole crop, intercrop, catch crop, relay crop, cover crop, and green manure crop, etc., under sequential/mono‐cropping in different agroecological regions. Under dryland areas pulses are predominant due to their low water requirements. The development of short duration varieties of mungbean, urdbean, and pigeonpea has paved way for crop diversification and intensification in many parts of IGP zones (Table 2.4).

2.7.3 Diversification with Horticultural Crops

The fruits, vegetables, spices, condiments, and flowering ornamental plants are very useful for developing high productive and profitable diversification plan in many areas. Depending upon the resource availability, prevailing market conditions and available technological support, different crops components may be selected. Under semiarid conditions a similar diversified fruit tree‐based diversified system was developed. The IFS refers to combining one or more agriculture and allied activities with field crop cultivation. This will certainly help in making rainfed areas a stable, sustainable agroecosystem (Rathore et al. 2019). Many studies have identified the important role of perennial vegetation in supporting biodiversity in general and beneficial organisms in particular (Perfecto and Vandermeer 2008).

Table 2.4 Possible new niches for pulses.

      Source: Based on Singh et al. 2009.

Cropping systems	Possible niches	Suitable varieties
Tur‐wheat system	North‐West U.P., Haryana, Punjab, and North Rajasthan	Virat, Pusa Vishal, UPAS 120, Manak, Pusa33, AL 15, AL201
Maize‐rabi pigeonpea	Central and Eastern U.P., North Bihar, West Bengal, Assam	Pusa 9, Sharad
Maize‐potato/mustard + mungbean/urdbean	Punjab, Haryana, and West U.P.	Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM11,HUM 2, SML668, Pusa Vishal Urdbean: PDU 1, NarendraUrd 1, Uttara
Spring sugarcane + mungbean/urdbean	East U.P., Bihar, West Bengal	Mungbean: Pant Mung 2, PDM 11, Narendra Mung 1 Urdbean: PDU 1, Pant Urd 19
Rice‐mungbean	Orissa, Part of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, A.P.	TARM 1, Pusa 9072
Rice‐urdbean	Coastal area of A.P., Karnataka, Tamil Nadu	LBG 17, LBG 402
Rice wheat mungbean	Western U.P., Haryana, Punjab	Pant Mung 2, Narendra Mung 1, PDM 139, HUM 2

The agri‐horti system has been developed for round the year cultivation of the crops and generation of produce for regular income and employment. During kharif season, intercropping of legume crops were taken in the rows in between the fruit crops. In fruits crops falsa (Grewia asiatica), karonda (Carissa carandas), drum stick (Moringa oleifera), aonla (Phyllanthus emblica), guava (Psidium guajava), and pomegranate were grown and in field crops during kharif season vegetable cowpea, mung bean was cultivated as intercrops and in this intercrop space, vegetable pea, Bengal gram, and cole crops will be taken during the rabi season. The whole system is designed to be irrigated by drip irrigated system from the pond. The well designed micro irrigation system along with fertigation device and appropriate filters ensures the risk of crop failure due to moisture shortage. The rain water is harvested and stored in the pond for life saving irrigation through micro irrigation system. Thus, every drop of water is efficiently utilized for production of different crops. The data revealed that the different agri‐horti systems are economically viable, productive, and employment generator round the year (Figure 2.4). The inclusion of horticultural crops not only guarantee higher productivity and profitability but also ensure nutritional security of a family household (Table 2.5).

2.8 Constraints in Crop Diversification

      The crop diversification approach has been identified