Fractures in the Horse. Группа авторов

M.G., and Lang, J. (2006). Technetium‐99m‐HDP uptake characteristics in equine fractures: a retrospective study. Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd. 148: 569–575.

      93 93 Ross, M.W. (2003). The Standardbred. In: Equine Scintigraphy (eds. S.J. Dyson, R.C. Pilsworth, A.R. Twardock and M.J. Martinelli), 153–189. Newmarket, UK: Equine Veterinary Journal Ltd.

      94 94 Dyson, S., Pilsworth, R., Tawrdock, R., and Martinelli, M. (2003). Equine Scintigraphy. Newmarket, UK: Equine Veterinary Journal Ltd.

      95 95 MacKinnon, M.C., Bonder, D., Boston, R.C., and Ross, M.W. (2015). Analysis of stress fractures associated with lameness in Thoroughbred flat racehorses training on different track surfaces undergoing nuclear scintigraphic examination. Equine Vet. J. 47: 296–301.

      96 96 Dahlberg, J.A., Ross, M.W., Martin, B.B. et al. (2011). Clinical relevance of abnormal scintigraphic findings of adult equine ribs. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. 52: 573–579.

      97 97 Hornof, W.J., Stover, S.M., Koblik, P.D., and Arthur, R.M. (1996). Oblique views of the ilium and the scintigraphic appearance of stress fractures of the ilium. Equine Vet. J. 28: 355–358.

      98 98 Trope, G.D., Anderson, G.A., and Whitton, R.C. (2011). Patterns of scintigraphic uptake in the fetlock joint of Thoroughbred racehorses and the effect of increased radiopharmaceutical uptake in the distal metacarpal/tarsal condyle on performance. Equine Vet. J. 43: 509–515.

      99 99 Twardock, A.R. (2001). Equine bone scintigraphic uptake patterns related to age, breed and occupation. Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract. 17: 75–94.

      100 100 Davenport‐Goodhall, C.L.M. and Ross, M.W. (2004). Scintigraphic abnormalities of the pelvic region in horses examined because of lameness or poor performance: 128 cases (1993‐2000). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 224: 88–95.

      101 101 Uhlhorn, H., Eksell, P., Sandgren, B., and Carlsten, J. (2000). Sclerosis of the third carpal bone: a prospective study of its significance in a group of Standardbred trotters. Acta Vet. Scand. 41: 51–61.

      102 102 Kawcak, C.E., McIlwraith, C.W., Norrdin, R.W. et al. (2000). Clinical effects of exercise on subchondral bone of carpal and metacarpophalangeal joints in horses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61: 1252–1258.

      103 103 Erichsen, C., Eksell, P., Widström, C. et al. (2003a). Scintigraphic evaluation of the thoracic spine in the asymptomatic riding horse. Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound. 44: 330–338.

      104 104 Ramzan, P.H.L., Newton, J.R., Shepherd, M.C., and Head, M.J. (2003). The application of a scintigraphic grading system to equine tibial stress fractures: 42 cases. Equine Vet. J. 35: 382–388.

      105 105 Valdés‐Martínez, A., Seiler, G., Mai, W. et al. (2008). Quantitative analysis of scintigraphic findings in tibial stress fractures in Thoroughbred racehorses. Am. J. Vet. Res. 69: 886–890.

      106 106 Gaschen, L. and Burba, D.J. (2012). Musculoskeletal injury in Thoroughbred racehorses. Correlation of findings using multiple imaging modalities. Vet. Clin. Equine. 28: 539–561.

      107 107 Ehrlich, P., Dohoo, I.R., and O'Callaghan, M.W. (1999). Results of bone scintigraphy in racing Standardbred horses: 64 cases (1992–1994). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 215: 982–991.

      108 108 Ehrlich, P.J., Seeherman, H.J., O'Callaghan, M.W. et al. (1998). Results of bone scintigraphy in horses used for show jumping, hunting or eventing: 141 cases (1988‐1994). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 213: 1460–1467.

      109 109 Foreman, J.H., Hungerford, L.L., Twardock, A.R., and Baker, G.J. (1991). Scintigraphic appearance of dorsal metacarpal and metatarsal stress changes in racing and nonracing horses. In: Equine Exercise Physiology, 3e (eds. S.G.B. Persson, A. Lindholm and L.B. Jeffcott), 402–410. California, USA: ICEEP Publications.

      110 110 Gray, S.N., Spriet, M., Garcia, T.C. et al. (2017). Pre‐existing lesions associated with complete diaphyseal fractures of the third metacarpal bone in 12 Thoroughbred racehorses. J. Vet. Diagn. Investig. 29: 437–441.

      111 111 Bassage, L.H. and Ross, M.W. (1998). Enostosis‐like lesions in the long bones of 10 horses: scintigraphic and radiographic features. Equine Vet. J. 30: 35–42.

      112 112 Johnson, L.C., Stradford, H.T., and Geis, R.W. (1963). Histogenesis of stress fractures. J. Bone Joint Surg. 45: 1542.

      113 113 Stover, S.M., Johnson, B.J., Daft, B.M. et al. (1992). An association between complete and incomplete stress fractures of the humerus in racehorses. Equine Vet. J. 24: 260–263.

      114 114 Barros, J.W., Barbieri, C.H., and Fernandes, C.D. (2000). Scintigraphic evaluation of tibial shaft fracture healing. Injury 31: 51–54.

      115 115 Keegan, K.G., Twardock, A.R., Losonsky, J.M., and Baker, G.J. (1993). Scintigraphic evaluation of fractures of the distal phalanx in horses: 27 cases (1979‐1988). J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 202: 1993–1997.

      116 116 Markel, M.D., Snyder, J.R., Hornof, W.J., and Meagher, D.M. (1987). Nuclear Scintigraphic evaluation of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bone fractures in three horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 191: 75–77.

      117 117 Avci, M. and Kozaci, N. (2019). Comparison of X‐ray imaging and computed tomography scan in the evaluation of knee trauma. Medicina 55: 623–631.

      118 118 Avci, M., Kozaci, N., Yuksel, S. et al. (2019). Comparison of radiography and computed tomography in emergency department evaluation of ankle trauma. Ann. Med. Res. 26: 867–872.

      119 119 Morgan, J.W., Santschi, E.M., Zekas, L.J. et al. (2006). Comparison of radiography and computed tomography to evaluate metacarpo/metatarsophalangeal joint pathology of paired limbs of Thoroughbred racehorses with severe condylar fractures. Vet. Surg. 35: 611–617.

      120 120 Vidal, M.A., Gaschen, L., and Mitchell, C.F. (2007). What is your diagnosis? J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 231: 379–380.

      121 121 Bonilla, A.G. and Santschi, E.M. (2015). Comminuted fracture of the accessory carpal bone removed via an arthroscopic‐assisted arthrotomy. Can. Vet. J. 56: 157–161.

      122 122 Gunst, S., Del Chicca, F., Fürst, A.E., and Kuemmerle, J.M. (2016). Central tarsal bone fractures in horses not used for racing: computed tomographic configuration and long‐term outcome of lag screw fixation. Equine Vet. J. 48: 585–589.

      123 123 Vandeweerd J‐M, E., Perrin, R., Launois, T. et al. (2009). Use of computed tomography in standing position to identify guidelines for screw insertion in the distal phalanx of horses: an ex vivo study. Vet. Surg. 38: 373–379.

      124 124 Gasiorowski, J.C. and Richardson, D.W. (2015). Clinical use of computed tomography and surface markers to assist internal fixation within the equine hoof. Vet. Surg. 44: 214–222.

      125 125 Brünisholz, H.P., Hagen, R., Fürst, A.E., and Kuemmerle, J.M. (2015). Radiographic and computed tomographic configuration of incomplete proximal fractures of the proximal phalanx in horses not used for racing. Vet. Surg. 44: 809–815.

      126 126 Poulin Braim, A.E., Bell, R.J.W., Textor, J.A. et al. (2010). Computed tomography of proximal metatarsal and concurrent third tarsal bone fractures in a thoroughbred racehorse. Equine Vet. Educ. 22: 290–295.

      127 127 Del Chicca, F., Kuemmerle, J.M., Ossent, P. et al. (2008). Use of computed tomography to evaluate a fracture associated with a subchondral pedal bone cyst in a horse. Equine Vet. Educ. 20: 515–519.

      128 128 Beccati, F., Angeli, G., Secco, I. et al. (2011). Comminuted basilar skull fracture in a colt: use of computed tomography to aid diagnosis. Equine Vet. Educ. 23: 327–332.

      129 129 Crijns, C.P., Weller, R., Vlaminck, L. et al. (2019). Comparison between radiography and computed tomography for diagnosis of equine skull fractures. Equine Vet. Educ. 31: 543–550.

      130 130 Lacombe, V.A., Sogaro‐Robinson, C., and Reed, S.M. (2010). Diagnostic utility of computed tomography imaging in equine intracranial conditions. Equine Vet. J. 42: 393–399.

      131 131 Pownder, S., Scrivani, P.V., Bezuidenhout, A. et al. (2010). Computed tomography of temporal bone fractures and temporal region anatomy in horses. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 24: 398–406.

      132 132 Ahn, J.M. and El‐Khoury, G.Y. (2007). Occult fractures of