Tropical Marine Ecology. Daniel M. Alongi

forami...TABLE 13.4 Temporal and spatial variations in pH (NIST scale) and pCO2 (μatm) con...

      10 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1 Status and trends of the world’s coral reefs.TABLE 14.2 Mean area by land cover classes in the Niger delta between 2007 and 20...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1FIGURE 1.1 Annual mean sea surface temperatures in the global ocean, 2005–20...

      2 Chapter 2FIGURE 2.1 Mean daily solar insolation (kWh m⁻² d⁻¹) in the glob...FIGURE 2.2 Annual mean absorbed solar radiation, outgoing longwave radiation...FIGURE 2.3 Annual mean net surface heat flux (W m⁻²) into the global o...FIGURE 2.4 Late‐seventeenth century chart of global trade winds. (top) Atlan...FIGURE 2.5 Latitudinal distribution of the annually averaged surface water b...FIGURE 2.6 Annual mean global precipitation (mm per year) from the IMERG cli...FIGURE 2.7 Global distribution of monsoon domains and their local components...FIGURE 2.8 Global tracks and intensity of all tropical storms, 1856–2006....FIGURE 2.9 The three phases of the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Duri...FIGURE 2.10 Trends in surface (< 50 m depth) ocean carbonate chemistry calcu...FIGURE 2.11 Model ratios of ensemble averaged 20 year mean sea‐level rise an...

      3 Chapter 3FIGURE 3.1 Main currents of the world ocean showing the main cold and warm f...FIGURE 3.2 Pathways of the Indonesian Throughflow between the Pacific and In...FIGURE 3.3 Global distribution of semi‐diurnal, diurnal, and mixed tides....FIGURE 3.4 Distribution of tidal ranges across the world ocean.

      4 Chapter 4FIGURE 4.1 Latitudinal distribution of sediment types and composition on the...FIGURE 4.2 Model of sandy beaches from reflective to dissipative types with ...FIGURE 4.3 Global distribution of sandy shorelines. The coloured dots along ...FIGURE 4.4 Global distribution of mangrove forests. The green bars outside t...FIGURE 4.5 Global seagrass area relative to the maximum potential seagrass a...FIGURE 4.6 Global distribution of coral reefs. The coloured areas indicate s...FIGURE 4.7 Schematic of an idealised coral reef showing various reef zones f...FIGURE 4.8 Idealised scheme defining the coastal ocean and the coastal zone ...FIGURE 4.9 Major stages in sediment dispersal of river sediments in the coas...FIGURE 4.10 Idealised scheme of the factors and processes contributing to ve...

      5 Chapter 5FIGURE 5.1 Map of the Atlantic Ocean showing warm‐temperate biogeographic pr...FIGURE 5.2 Ecoregions of zooxanthellate corals of the Coral Triangle with de...FIGURE 5.3 Ecoregions of zooxanthellate corals delineated based on known fau...FIGURE 5.4 Marine realms (a) with ecoregions (b) across the global ocean. 1 ...FIGURE 5.5 Latitudinal diversity gradient of eastern and western Pacific mar...

      6 Chapter 6FIGURE 6.1 Demographic density dependence showing an input rate (birth, immi...FIGURE 6.2 Model of the relationship of species diversity to variation in ab...FIGURE 6.3 Potential feedback mechanisms supporting competitive phase shifts...FIGURE 6.4 Relative dominance model in which the abundance of four major fun...FIGURE 6.5 Rendering of the physical structure of a living coral polyp, zoox...FIGURE 6.6 Mutualism between healthy seagrass and the lucinid bivalve, Lorip...FIGURE 6.7 The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster spp., preying on live c...FIGURE 6.8 Relationship between conspecific dominance and cumulative amount ...FIGURE 6.9 Relationship between the species richness of grapsid crabs and ma...FIGURE 6.10 Conceptual model of how predator–prey interactions in seagrass b...FIGURE 6.11 Conceptual model of a seagrass food web under (a) normal and (b)...FIGURE 6.12 Simplified diagram of a trophic cascade. A trophic cascade occur...FIGURE 6.13 Effects of fishing impacts on reef food web structure and functi...FIGURE 6.14 Evidence of trophic cascades in different tropical environments....

      7 Chapter 7FIGURE 7.1 Latitudinal trends in species richness in sandy beach macrofauna ...FIGURE 7.2 Patterns of (a) species richness, (b) abundance and (c) biomass i...FIGURE 7.3 Latitudinal patterns in life history traits of the mole crabs, Em...FIGURE 7.4 Species richness on tropical sandy beaches defined as ecoregions....FIGURE 7.5 Relative percentage of benthic faunal abundances in (a) upper (b)...FIGURE 7.6 The benthic response to seasonal variations influencing the Celes...FIGURE 7.7 A simplified visualisation of the microbial consortia and their i...FIGURE 7.8 Idealised model of infaunal responses and sedimentary fabric to d...FIGURE 7.9 Global map of the ecosystem province system of Longhurst (2007) s...

      8 Chapter 8FIGURE 8.1 Comparison in CO₂ assimilation rates between various species of m...FIGURE 8.2 Latitudinal changes in net daytime canopy production of mangroves...FIGURE 8.3 Mangrove net primary production (a) as litterfall, wood, and fine...FIGURE 8.4 Comparison of above‐ground net primary production in mangrove and...FIGURE 8.5 The relationship between forest age and net daytime canopy produc...FIGURE 8.6 Latitudinal distribution of maximum seagrass biomass, production ...FIGURE 8.7 Primary productivity on different coral reef zones. The minimum a...FIGURE 8.8 Patterns of primary production in relation to salinity in the plu...FIGURE 8.9 Satellite image of the global distribution of annual marine net p...

      9 Chapter 9FIGURE 9.1 Monthly mean egg production rate (triangles) and weight‐specific ...FIGURE 9.2 Net rates of sediment O₂ consumption versus latitude. Dots are co...FIGURE 9.3 Landings (tonnes) of global (blue) and tropical (green) wild capt...

      10 Chapter 10FIGURE 10.1 Conceptual model of the flow