Tropical Marine Ecology. Daniel M. Alongi

9.4 Benthos 9.5 Fisheries References CHAPTER 10: Food Webs and Carbon Fluxes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sandy Beaches and Tidal Flats 10.3 Rocky Intertidal Shores 10.4 Seagrass Meadows 10.5 Mangrove Forests 10.6 Coral Reefs 10.7 Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons 10.8 Coastal Bays and Continental Shelves 10.9 Open Ocean References CHAPTER 11: Nutrient Biogeochemistry 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Sandy Beaches, Tidal Flats, and Rocky Intertidal Shores 11.3 Seagrass Meadows 11.4 Mangrove Forests 11.5 Coral Reefs 11.6 Estuaries and Coastal Lagoons 11.7 Coastal Bays and Continental Shelves 11.8 Open Ocean References

      9  PART IV: HUMAN IMPACTS CHAPTER 12: Pollution 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Hydrocarbons 12.3 Metals 12.4 Eutrophication 12.5 Pesticides and Industrial Organic Chemicals 12.6 Plastics and Other Marine Debris 12.7 Biological Pollution References CHAPTER 13: Climate Change 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Rising Temperatures, Increased Storms, Extreme Weather Events, and Changes in Precipitation 13.3 Sea‐level Rise (SLR) 13.4 Rising Atmospheric CO₂ 13.5 Ocean Acidification 13.6 Increasing Hypoxia 13.7 Impacts on Shelf and Oceanic Ecosystems and Fisheries References CHAPTER 14: Habitat Destruction and Degradation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Coral Reefs 14.3 Seagrass Meadows 14.4 Mangrove Forests References CHAPTER 15: Epilogue

      10  Index

      11  End User License Agreement

      List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1TABLE 1.1 Major hydrological and climatological characteristics unique to or domi...TABLE 1.2 Major geological and chemical characteristics unique to or dominant in ...

      2 Chapter 2TABLE 2.1 IPCC projected changes for tropical regions in salinity, precipitation,...

      3 Chapter 4TABLE 4.1 Estimates of water (km3 a−1) and suspended sediment (109 tonnes a−1) di...

      4 Chapter 5TABLE 5.1 Key tectonic events of the Cenozoic and their effects on the oceans and...

      5 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1 Mean rates of dark respiration (R, μmol CO2 m−2 s−1) and photosynthesis...TABLE 8.2 Estimates of aboveground net primary production (ANPP = t DW ha−1 a−1) ...TABLE 8.3 Aboveground primary productivity (ANPP = g DW m⁻² d⁻¹TABLE 8.4 Rates (mmol C m−2 d−1) of gross primary production, respiration, and ne...TABLE 8.5 Rates of NPP (μmol O2 cm−2 d−1) of different organisms and substrates u...TABLE 8.6 Net primary production (NPP) and chlorophyll a concentration (μg l−1) i...TABLE 8.7 Median and range of the integrated primary production (NPP) and communi...TABLE 8.8 Categorisation of the world’s subtropical and tropical continental shel...

      6 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1 Rates of heterotrophic bacterioplankton production in subtropical and t...TABLE 9.2 Secondary production and production to biomass ratio (P:B) of subtropic...TABLE 9.3 Egg production rates (eggs female−1 d−1) of subtropical and tropical zo...TABLE 9.4 Annual production estimates (g DW m−2 a−1) and production to biomass (...TABLE 9.5 Annual yield (Mt) of wild capture fisheries by tropical region, 1950–20...TABLE 9.6 Top subtropical and tropical fishing nations in the top 25 major produc...

      7 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1 Mean global CH4 emissions, C burial rates, and offsets in mangroves, a...TABLE 10.2 Mean CO2 flux (mmol C m−2 d−1) in the estuaries of the major rivers of...

      8 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1 Rates of nitrogen fixation and denitrification in some tropical/subtro...TABLE 11.2 Rates of N transformation processes (mg N m−2 d−1) in mangrove soils....TABLE 11.3 Rates of nitrogen fixation (mg N m−2 d−1) at the mangrove soil surface...TABLE 11.4 Estimates of net NO and N2O gas and dissolved nitrogen fluxes across t...TABLE 11.5 Rates of NH4+, DON, and NO2− + NO3− exchange between mangrove forests ...TABLE 11.6 A nitrogen mass balance of the world’s mangrove ecosystems.TABLE 11.7 Range of rates of various N transformation processes in coral reef sed...TABLE 11.8 N and P budgets for the Amazon shelf.

      9 Chapter 13TABLE 13.1 Percentage decline in calcification of individual coral species to oce...TABLE 13.2 Ocean acidification effects on benthic reef algae from Palmyra Atoll, ...TABLE 13.3 Percentage decline in