Pathology of Genetically Engineered and Other Mutant Mice. Группа авторов

ontology, and staging. Ehistology is an histology atlas of embryonic development that includes classic whole embryo images produced by Prof. Mathew Kaufman, used in his book Atlas of Mouse Development [82]. Emage covers mouse gene expression in embryos. Elearning provides tutorials to provide training on key principals of embryonic development.

Table 2.4 Sources of mouse models for human diseases.

Vendor	Website address
Charles River Laboratory	https://www.criver.com/products‐services/find‐model
Envigo	https://www.envigo.com/p/research‐models/browse
Hilltop Lab Animals	http://hilltoplabs.com
Infrafrontier	https://www.infrafrontier.eu
Janvier Labs	https://www.janvier‐labs.com
Knockout Mouse Project (KOMP) Repository	https://www.komp.org
MRC Harwell Institute	https://www.har.mrc.ac.uk
Mutant Mouse Resource and Research Centers	https://www.mmrrc.org/catalog/StrainCatalogSearchForm.php
Simonsen Laboratories	http://www.simlab.com
The European Conditional Mouse Mutagenesis Program	https://www.mousephenotype.org/about‐impc/about‐ikmc/eucomm
The Jackson Laboratory	https://www.jax.org/mouse‐search
Taconic Biosciences	https://www.taconic.com/find‐your‐model

Finding Mouse Models

While one can read a paper and contact the corresponding author to try to obtain mice to develop a colony for research, there are always concerns about real availability, time to get the mice, genetic quality (is the strain really what it is claimed to be?), pathogen status, and many other variables. Fortunately, a large number of commercial and nonprofit institutions have set up repositories to obtain, standardize, and distribute mice world‐wide. Some are listed in Table 2.4. Information provided on the websites can be quite detailed and specific while others can be limited to the degree that sometimes the specific mutation in the gene is not known. However, careful study of the literature provides a lot of the information needed to make an informed decision.

An alternative approach is to do your initial searches on MGI (http://www.informatics.jax.org, described above). This website is not a mouse repository. However, if you look up your gene of interest (under the header Genes and then search for the gene of interest in the Genes and Marker Query) you end up at a Gene Detail page. On the lower right side is a category “All mutations and alleles” with a number. If you click on that (or the specific type listed below) you will get a listing of all published alleles with the correct (at the time of viewing) gene and allele symbol with a short summary. Click on the link to the allele of interest and you will get more information on that allele. At the bottom of the page, just above the reference list, is a section “Find Mice IMSR”. Click on that link and it will take you to the International Mouse Strain Resource (IMSR) or you can go to their site directly from the start (http://www.findmice.org). This will tell you where in the world the mice are currently available from.

Use of Mouse Pathology Resources on Line; Citations, and Licenses

      The availability of the wide range of resources discussed in this chapter is subject to the constraints of funding and user interactions, and there will inevitably be turnover as existing databases cease and new ones emerge. Funding patterns are very different for all of the resources discussed above, some are well‐funded and supported institutionally, while others run on a wing and a prayer. The importance of even small databases to particular specialties or communities is, however, not necessarily related to their scale or the size of their funding and it is the role that they play which is important.

      What makes a data resource succeed is interaction with its users. Submission of data for those that act as archives, feedback, and contact for all, but specifically making sure that databases are cited in papers if they were used in the work, even though images may not have been actually included in papers. The use of data resources far outstrips citations; this is a known aspect of running databases, yet funding agencies like to see citations and this will help the database you use to stay afloat. All databases have advice on how to cite them and we would encourage everyone in the community to remember to cite databases that have been of use in training or in writing original manuscripts.

      The second issue of note is the license under which images and data are distributed. Most data and images are distributed under a Creative Commons CC‐BY license that permits data to be used, redistributed, and modified as long as the original source is always cited. The CC‐BY‐ND, that is less often used, prohibits the making of derivatives so that means that you cannot redistribute the image modified in any way. Finally, CC‐0 is effectively a waiver on rights so that the image or data are distributed to the public domain. These licenses are legally actionable, though the authors are currently unaware of any actions being taken under these licenses for histopathology images. It is, however, useful to know what each means and act accordingly. We would encourage all data and images put into the public domain to be released according to, at least, a CC‐BY license if not CC‐0, for the benefit of the community.

Acknowledgments

      This work was supported in part by a grant from the Erasmus + Knowledge Alliance of the Education, Audiovisual and Culture Executive Agency (EACEA) of the European Union (Reference Number 600803‐EPP‐1‐2018‐1‐ES‐EPPKA2) and grants from the National Institutes of Health (CA089713 and CA034196).

References

      1 1 Durinx, C., McEntyre, J., Appel, R. et al. (2017). Identifying ELIXIR core data resources. F1000 Res. 5: 2422.

      2 2 Sansone, S.A., McQuilton, P., Rocca‐Serra, P. et al. (2019). FAIRsharing