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2 Biosorption and Different Native Sources for Preparation of Biosorbents

       A.B. Sathya1, R. Sivashankar2, J. Kanimozhi3, R. Devika1, and R. Balaji1

       1 Department of Biotechnology, Aarupadai Veedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

       2 Department of Chemical Engineering, Hindustan Institute of Technology and Science, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India

       3 Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil, Tamilnadu, India

Introduction

      Water plays a significant role in the global economy. Water covers most (71%) of the Earth's surface, but water from fresh sources like rivers, lakes, and streams contributes only 3% to total water resources. Freshwater bodies provide water suitable for human consumption. About 70% of freshwater is expended on irrigation. In many countries, these natural resources are limited, and their unavailability poses significant social and economic concerns (Baroni et al., 2007). As the quantity of water decreases, water quality is also seriously declining due to industrial, municipal, and agricultural wastes. Contamination can arise from wastewater leaking from damaged pipes and the flow of industrial waste into water. This contaminated water poses a constant danger to public health in the form of water‐borne diseases (Arshad and Imran, 2020).

      Heavy metal exposure is considered a major environmental concern and a hazard to human health among numerous contaminations in drinking water. Even in minute amounts, toxic metals can cause toxicity when they enter the body due to their non‐degradable nature. Mercury, nickel, arsenic, chromium, manganese, copper, zinc, and cadmium are the most widely intoxicating heavy metals (Jaishankar et al., 2014). The wastewater streams from plating, casting, painting dyes, batteries, mining, and farming are key contributors to heavy metals entering the ecosystem (Ibrahim and Mutawie, 2013). Because of their toxic effects, most heavy metals produce various issues, including kidney problems, brain activity difficulties, and nervous weakness. Sleeplessness, impatience, anemic, dizziness, and muscle pain are some of their hazardous symptoms (Fu and Wang, 2011).

Several techniques for the biosorption of toxic metals from effluent have been developed. They include ion exchange, evaporation, chemical precipitation, and membrane filtration. Activated carbon is by far the most common and widely utilized material for treating wastewater pollution. Materials that are used to prepare higher‐quality activated carbon cost more (Babel, 2003). In recent