Surgery of Exotic Animals. Группа авторов

2019; Ang et al. 2021).

Skin Surgery

      The indication for surgery should be confirmed before performing a procedure. Surgical excision of masses associated with lymphocystivirus or cyprinid herpesvirus 1 (CyHV1) infections is not recommended, as they will spontaneously regress (Weber 2013). Surgical preparation should not disrupt the natural mucus layer of the integument. Mucus is critical for innate immunity and protection (Benhamed et al. 2014; Guardiola et al. 2014). Scale removal is recommended to facilitate skin closure and healing (Wildgoose 2000). Gently extract the scales with a pair of forceps along the incision line. Since fish scales are dermal in origin (Lee et al. 2013), this can damage the epidermis and should be accomplished with care to limit the resulting trauma to the skin and to leave the scale bed intact so that scales will regrow normally (Weber et al. 2009). Then gently flush with sterile saline or sterile water rather than typical surgical preparations (Lloyd and Lloyd 2011), as many surgical antiseptics have been reported to predispose fish to dermatitis and incisional dehiscence (Mylniczenko et al. 2007). Irrigate exposed skin and eyes with chlorine‐free water throughout surgery to avoid desiccation and secondary necrosis.

For skin biopsies, use a biopsy punch or scalpel blade. Achieve hemostasis using digital pressure or hand‐held electrocautery. Biopsy sites can be left open to heal by second intention. Compared to mammals, fish skin has very low elasticity due to the dermal scales (Wildgoose 2000). External mass incisional or excisional biopsy in fish is accomplished in a manner similar to that in mammals. Surgical margins are rarely obtained for neoplasia that involves the coelomic cavity (Figure 5.7) and body wall reconstruction should be planned carefully prior to mass resection due to the low elasticity of the tissues (Boerner et al. 2000; Wildgoose 2000). Intralesional chemotherapy based on a histologic diagnosis has been reported (Figure 5.8) (Vergneau‐Grosset et al. 2016; Stevens et al. 2017).

Figure 5.7 Excision of a neoplastic mass of the vent of a koi (Cyprinus carpio): the integrity of natural orifices and anatomy should be preserved as much as possible during mass excision.

      Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Operculoplasty is performed for esthetic purposes in fish with a laterally curled operculum, a common congenital problem in arowanas (Osteoglossum and Scelopages spp.) (Figure 5.9a). The etiology has not been determined and a genetic predisposition cannot be ruled out. Section the operculum with scissors at the level where it is still parallel to the long axis of the body (Figure 5.9b) and it will grow back straight. Some hobbyists also recommend filing the exposed opercular to the appropriate angle, but care should be taken not to damage the surrounding epithelium.

Oral surgery and incisive plate adjustments may be needed to improve food prehension due to insufficient wearing of the dental plates (Figure 5.10) or due to the presence of an oral mass. Incise the fibrous tissue with a scalpel blade in a medial to lateral direction and allow healing by second intention. Pufferfish have continuously growing incisor plates (Lécu and Lecour 2004). When fed exclusively soft food items such as pelleted diets, flakes, or soft prey instead of a natural diet that includes mollusks or crustaceans, they can develop overgrowth of their incisor plates (Figure 5.11a). Trim these plates with a dental burr or rotary tool (Dremel, Racine, WI) (Lécu and Lecour 2004) (Figure 5.11b). Take care to not overheat the incisor plates by prolonged contact with the burr. It may be necessary to fully immerse the pufferfish frequently to avoid inflation of the esophagus with air rather than water; water distention of the esophagus in these species is a normal physiologic defense, and fluid can be more easily expelled post procedure than entrapped gas (Wildgoose 2000).

Figure 5.8 Intralesional bleomycin injection into a myxoma on the head of an oranda goldfish (Carassius auratus). This treatment led to a decrease of the size of the mass for the following three months and was subsequently repeated as needed.

      Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Orthopedic Surgery

Successful surgical stabilization of mandibular symphyseal fractures has been reported in three arowanas (Lloyd and Sham 2014). Two 19‐gauge needles were placed on each side of the mandible and a 4‐metric stainless steel orthopedic wire was passed through the needle holes and tightened up to stabilize the fracture. Successful repair of a luxation of the dentaro‐ectopterygoid joint in a fish has been performed (Dr. Freeland Dunker, Steinhart Aquarium, personal communication). The fish presented with an inability to close its dentary bone. Under general anesthesia, the mandible was closed with external manipulation, and a cerclage wire was placed on the premaxillary and dentary bones to keep the oral cavity closed. After a few weeks, the cerclage was removed and the fish was able to open and close its mouth and to eat spontaneously. Scoliosis correction in koi has been attempted by stabilizing the vertebrate with screws, k‐wire, and polymethylmethacrylate (Govett et al. 2004).

Figure 5.9 Opercular plasty in an anesthetized Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus): (a) the caudal part of the right operculum appears curved laterally and shortened; (b) the operculum is sectioned with scissors after butorphanol and local anesthesia have been administered.

      Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Figure 5.10 Fibrous tissue obstructing the oral cavity of a koi (Cyprinus carpio).

      Source: Photo courtesy: Companion Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine Service, University of California, Davis.

Ophthalmic Surgery

      Fish eyes have marked anatomic differences compared to those of mammals (Kern 2007). Very few fish have eyelids, except some elasmobranchs. They have larger lenses comparatively to mammals of the same size, and the lens protrudes into the anterior chamber, which has implications for cataract surgery (Kern 2007). The posterior segment of the eye contains a falciform process and a choroid rete