Smart Grid Telecommunications. Ramon Ferrús

infrastructure (Generation, Transmission, Distribution, Point of Supply; substations; power lines; etc.), and a part of them cannot be supported over non‐adapted telecommunication networks and services. On the other, utilities have access to rights of way, physical assets, their own power lines as a telecommunication transmission medium, and electricity. These elements have allowed utilities to build their own telecommunication networks to fully comply with their real‐time mission‐critical needs. These infrastructures and networks have also eventually been used to support telecommunication services by the different fixed and mobile telecommunication systems operators. Thus, a symbiotic relationship exists between both infrastructures, especially relevant when discussing Smart Grids.

      The trend in the utility sector is that utilities operate hybrid telecommunication networks. With these networks, utilities provide telecommunication services critical for their power system operation. These networks are hybrid in two aspects. First, they are a combination of private and public (commercial) networks and services, to take benefit from the best of the two domains: private networks can be designed and deployed to fully satisfy requirements, and public services are quick to deploy where requirements fit the needs. Second, different technologies, networks, systems, and telecommunication supporting media (wireline and wireless) are combined, to adapt to the different conditions of the Smart Grid services. All these telecommunications should be managed in an integral way, so that Smart Grid services can be successfully and efficiently deployed and operated.

      Electric power systems and Telecommunications are complex functional domains with sophisticated elements that require expert knowledge. The operation of such complex systems increasingly depends on a diverse set of technical aspects and technologies that have usually been the realm of experts, each one in its knowledge field. The complexity of power systems and the complexity of Telecommunications meet and get augmented in the Smart Grid, as the intersection of both. The success in the decision‐making process when designing Smart Grid solutions depends on understanding the details of the underlying technologies and systems, so that the best combination of available solutions can be chosen within the goals and constraints of each Smart Grid vision.

      This book has the ambition to provide a comprehensive view of the Smart Grid scenario, together with the Telecommunications that are needed to make it happen. The reader is accompanied in a journey around power systems and telecommunications, reaching Smart Grids. The first part of the journey shows the key general and technical aspects of electric power systems and their service needs in terms of their evolution into the Smart Grid. The second part of the journey shows the fundamentals of Telecommunications; it starts with the high‐level concepts and follows with the lower‐level details of how they are implemented, first at the lower layers of the telecommunication systems, and second in the upper layers' data exchange. The journey stops in several stations, covering the telecommunication systems applicable to Smart Grids, namely optical fiber networks, power line communication (PLC) systems, wireless cellular and wireless IoT systems. Each of these stops offers a selection of example use cases, where the specific group of technologies solves one representative Smart Grid need.

      The book is organized in eight chapters.

      Chapter 1 provides a view of electric power systems and highlights the relevant aspects and main challenges that determine their evolution into the Smart Grid.

      Chapter 2 describes the key concepts and organization of telecommunication networks, systems, and services. It also introduces the fundamental aspects of key telecommunication media in Smart Grid (optical fiber, radio, and power lines).

      Chapter 3 goes deep, while keeping descriptive, into the telecommunications framework, and clarifies the foundational technology aspects of telecommunications (analog vs. digital, modulation, medium access, propagation, etc.).

      Chapter 4 focuses on data exchange, explaining and describing how telecommunication transport, switching, and routing functions work and are implemented in technologies used in Smart Grids.

Chapter 5 provides a comprehensive view of the different Smart Grid domains, and specifically describes the Smart Grid services, together with the protocols and relevant standards applicable to them.

      Chapter 6 builds upon the optical fiber and the power lines, so important for utilities, to cover Passive Optical Networks and PLC technologies, with a focus on their role in the network access domain.

      Chapter 7 details wireless cellular 4G and 5G technologies. Being the flagship of the pervasive mobile communications service, this chapter addresses their baseline concepts to get an understanding of the complexity and capabilities of these technologies.

      Chapter 8 covers wireless IoT technologies, focusing on those that have an impact on Smart Grids. Zigbee, Wi‐SUN, LoRaWAN, Sigfox, LTE‐M, and NB‐IoT will be introduced.

      Acronyms

10G‐EPON10 Gbps Ethernet Passive Optical Network1GFirst Generation2GSecond Generation3GThird Generation3GPPThird Generation4GFourth Generation5GFifth Generation5GC5G Core Network5GS5G System5QI5G QoS Identifier6GSixth Generation6LoWPANIPv6 Low Power Wireless Personal Area Network8PSK8‐Phase Shift KeyingACAlternating CurrentACBAccess Class BarringACKACKnowledgementADAAdvanced Distribution AutomationADMAdd–Drop MultiplexerADSLAsymmetric Digital Subscriber LineAESAdvanced Encryption StandardAMAmplitude ModulationAMFAccess and Mobility Management FunctionAMIAutomatic Metering InfrastructureAMRAdvanced Meter ReadingANSIAmerican National Standards InstituteAPCIApplication Protocol Control InformationAPDUApplication Protocol Data UnitAPIApplication Programming InterfaceAPNAccess Point NameAPONAsynchronous Transfer Mode Passive Optical NetworkAPTAsia Pacific TelecommunityARIBAssociation of Radio Industries and Business (Japan)ARPAddress Resolution ProtocolARQAutomatic Repeat reQuestASAIAverage Service Availability IndexASDUApplication Service Data UnitASIDIAverage System Interruption Duration IndexASIFIAverage System Interruption Frequency IndexASKAmplitude Shift KeyingASMGArab Spectrum Management GroupATISAlliance for Telecommunications Industry SolutionsATMAsynchronous Transfer ModeATUAfrican Telecommunications UnionAUSFAUthentication Server FunctionBCCHBroadcast Control CHannelBCHBroadcast CHannelBECBackward‐Error CorrectionBEMSBuilding Energy Management SystemBERBit Error RateBEVBattery EVBGPBorder Gateway ProtocolBLEBluetooth Low EnergyBNBase NodeBPLBroadband Power Line communicationsBPONBroadband Passive Optical Networkbpsbits per secondBPSKBinary Phase Shift KeyingC&ICommercial&IndustrialCAIDICustomer Average Interruption Duration IndexCAIFICustomer Average Interruption Frequency IndexCAPContention Access PeriodCAPEXCapital ExpenditureCAPIFCommon API FrameworkCBACost–Benefit AnalysisCBRSCitizens Broadband Radio ServiceCCComponent CarrierCCAClear Channel AssessmentCDMACode Division Multiple AccessCECoverage EnhancementCELIDCustomers Experiencing Long Interruption DurationsCEMInCustomers Experiencing Multiple Interruptions (n)CEMSMInCustomers Experiencing Multiple Sustained Interruption (n) and Momentary Interruption EventsCENEuropean Committee for Standardization (Comite Europeen de Normalisation)CENELECEuropean Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization (Comité Européen de Normalisation Electrotechnique)CEPTEuropean Conference of Postal and TelecommunicationsCFPContention‐Free PeriodCFSContention‐Free SlotCHCommunications HubCIGREConseil International des Grands Reseaux Electriques (International Council on Large Electric Systems)CIoTCellular Internet of ThingsCISPRComité International Spécial des Perturbations Radioélectriques (International Special Committee on Radio Interference)CITELComisión Interamericana de Telecomunicaciones (Inter‐American Telecommunication Commission)cMTCcritical Machine Type CommunicationsCNCore NetworkCoAPConstrained Application ProtocolCORESETControl Resource SetCOSEMCompanion Specification for Energy MeteringCPControl PlaneCPCyclic