Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid. Группа авторов

1.4 Parabolic trough collector.Figure 1.5 Parabolic dish system.Figure 1.6 Linear Fresnel system.Figure 1.7 Wind energy conversion system (WECS).Figure 1.8 Diagram of a fuel cell.Figure 1.9 Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell.Figure 1.10 Cumulative bioenergy generation.Figure 1.11 Typical hydro-electric power plant.

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Installed capacity in India.Figure 2.2 A typical thermal power plant.Figure 2.3 A typical gas turbine power plant.Figure 2.4 Organization chart of nuclear power in India.

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Installed generation capacity (in MW).Figure 3.2 Distribution of installed generation capacity.Figure 3.3 Distribution of total thermal power generation capacity.Figure 3.4 Installed generation capacity of renewable energy sources (in GW).Figure 3.5 Renewable capacity addition plan.Figure 3.6 Layout of traditional grid.Figure 3.7 Layout of developing integrated smart grid.Figure 3.8 Layout and technology used in EV.Figure 3.9 Relation of existing grid and smart grid with human body.Figure 3.10 Interconnection of RTUs in SCADA.Figure 3.11 Parts of distribution automation system.Figure 3.12 Layout of AMI.Figure 3.13 Key components of smart metering system.Figure 3.14 Functions of GIS.Figure 3.15 Process chart for demand response.Figure 3.16 Actual and mean hourly consumption profile of consumers 1 and 2.Figure 3.17 Hourly consumption in distribution transformer.Figure 3.18 Instantaneous current of all three phases of a DT.Figure 3.19 Average daily current during March 18 to April 18, 2014.Figure 3.20 Average daily percentage loading in March 2014.Figure 3.21 Display of different temperature profiles of a DT.Figure 3.22 FPI Installed in Puducherry SG pilot project.Figure 3.23 Message generated from FPI.Figure 3.24 Fault data report of OMS.Figure 3.25 Smart GRIP architecture.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Overview of the SG sub-system progression.Figure 4.2 (a) Conventional and (b) smart energy meter.Figure 4.3 Basic advanced metering infrastructure model.Figure 4.4 Various communication technologies for AMI.Figure 4.5 Energy theft detection schemes—classification.Figure 4.6 Advanced metering infrastructure.Figure 4.7 Hardware architecture.Figure 4.8 (a) Overall load curve. (b) Load capacity–based profile for each devi...Figure 4.9 (a) Weekend and holiday. (b) Annual power consumption analysis.

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Penetration levels of distributed energy resources.Figure 5.2 (a) Conventional power system network. (b) Smart grid network.Figure 5.3 Basic structure of a smart grid system.Figure 5.4 Renewable energy resources.Figure 5.5 Categories of distributed energy resources.Figure 5.6 Typical fuel cell energy extraction process.Figure 5.7 A typical configuration for solar power extraction.Figure 5.8 Two popular configurations for wind power extraction (a) using PMSG a...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Smart grid with its enablers.Figure 6.2 Importance of energy storage system.Figure 6.3 Functions of energy storage system.Figure 6.4 Energy storage technologies classifications.Figure 6.5 Pumped hydro energy storage system schematic.Figure 6.6 Compressed air storage diagram.Figure 6.7 Detailed view of flywheel storage system.Figure 6.8 Superconducting magnet energy storage system schematic diagram.Figure 6.9 Battery storage system and detailed structure.Figure 6.10 Super capacitor energy storage system.Figure 6.11 Fuel cell schematic diagram.Figure 6.12 Thermal storage system schematic.Figure 6.13 Technical maturity of energy storage technologies.Figure 6.14 Power and energy densities of different energy storage technologies.Figure 6.15 Capital cost–based comparison.Figure 6.16 Detailed comparisons along with specific applications.Figure 6.17 Applications of energy storage systems.Figure 6.18 Power conditioning of energy storage system.

      7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Block diagram of the proposed system.Figure 7.2 Monthly irradiation in Coimbatore.Figure 7.3 I-V and P-V curve of a solar PV panel.Figure 7.4 Wind speed at Coimbatore.Figure 7.5 Speed vs. torque and speed vs. power curve of PMDC generator.Figure 7.6 Multi-mode power converter topology.Figure 7.7 MMPC buck mode when switch S₁ is ON.Figure 7.8 MMPC buck mode when switch S₁ is OFF.Figure 7.9 MMPC boost mode when switch S₄ is ON.Figure 7.10 MMPC boost mode when switch S₄ is OFF.Figure 7.11 MMPC in inverter mode when switches S₁ and S₄ are ON and the remaini...Figure 7.12 MMPC in inverter mode when switches S₅, S₃, and S₂ are ON or inverte...Figure 7.13 MMPC in rectifier mode during D₁, D₄, and S₅ in conduction for posit...Figure 7.14 MMPC in rectifier mode during D₂ and D₃ in conduction for negative h...Figure 7.15 FPGA QALU architecture for digital MS-PWM control implementation.Figure 7.16 FPGA-based mode selection for MMPC.Figure 7.17 Flowchart of MSPO-MPPT algorithm.Figure 7.18 Graphical view of SPWM generation.Figure 7.19 Buck mode with duty cycle of 25%.Figure 7.20 Buck mode with duty cycle of 50%.Figure 7.21 Buck mode with duty cycle of 75%.Figure 7.22 Boost mode with duty cycle of 75% and 25%.Figure 7.23 Boost mode with duty cycles of 50% and 25%.Figure 7.24 Boost mode with duty cycles of 87.5% and 25%.Figure 7.25 Boost mode with duty cycles of 81% and 19%.Figure 7.26 Inverter mode with modulation index = 1.Figure 7.27 Inverter mode with modulation index = 0.9.

      8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Block schematic of the system.Figure 8.2 Power circuit of the system.Figure 8.3 Experimentally obtained I-V and P-V characteristics of the PV array.Figure 8.4 Block diagram of the DC link voltage controller.Figure 8.5 Switching technique for SPWM-based VSI controller.Figure 8.4 Response of the system when the irradiation is at 1,000 W/m²; voltage...Figure 8.5 Voltage and current at the output of the inverter terminal, when irra...Figure 8.6 Experimentally obtained dynamic response of the solar PV system when ...Figure 8.7 Experimentally obtained dynamic response of the projected system when...Figure 8.8 Photograph of the experimental setup.

      9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Cumulative installed capacity of wind.Figure 9.2 Direct grid connected configuration of three-phase WDIG feeding singl...Figure 9.3 Stator winding configurations for three-phase induction generator sup...Figure 9.4 Overall setup of the three-phase wind generator system feeding power ...Figure 9.5 Step-by-step procedure for the performance evaluation of wind energy ...Figure 9.6 Wind turbine output power curve for various wind velocities.Figure 9.7 Modified equivalent circuit of SEIG.Figure 9.8 UR-LCI configuration.Figure 9.9 UR-(DC-DC)-LCI configuration.Figure 9.10 Closed-loop operation of WDIG-DC/DC–LCI configuration.Figure 9.11 UR-VSI configuration.Figure 9.12 Closed-loop operation of UR-VSI configuration.

      10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Blinding of relays.Figure 10.2 Variations in fault current level.Figure 10.3 False/unnecessary tripping of relays.Figure 10.4 Loss of mains.Figure 10.5 Basic block diagram of distance protection.Figure 10.6 Test system without distributed generator.Figure 10.7 Test system with distributed generator.Figure 10.8 Test system for ITC.Figure 10.9 Basic block diagram of differential protection.Figure 10.10 Ways of islanding formation.Figure 10.11 Typical microgrid.Figure 10.12 Health hazardous to maintenance personnel.Figure 10.13 Unsynchronized reclosing.Figure 10.14 Different types of UIIM.Figure 10.15 Basic flowchart of the passive method.Figure 10.16 Basic flowchart of the active