Integration of Renewable Energy Sources with Smart Grid. Группа авторов

of transmission and distribution capacities from generation capacities. The importance of such systems for interregional grids across national borders and the superiority of rule-based systems as compared to Bismarckian diplomatic negotiations needs exploration.

      Problems of technical management of efficient transmission and distribution systems and in particular of integrating decentralized generation through mini hydel, wind, or PV sustainable generation mechanisms with grids are of interest. In addition to the national level, the integration of such systems with reform at the global level, including the OECD and G20 requires to be explored to integrate state-of-the-art practice in the reform process.

2.8 The Inherited Structure

      The inherited model of energy development and consumption in India was that of a centrally planned system in largely publicly owned and operated electricity and energy system, with a substantial Central Government capacity and the rest in State Electricity Boards (SEBs).

      The substantial increase in the growth rate of the economy, thermal capacity growth was only 38% of the decade before privatization. Since thermal capacity was a large part of the total the growth of total generation capacity in the Nineties was around half that of the previous decade. The situation in this decade up to 06/07 with a growth rate of 27.31% was worse. In this decade growth of hydel and wind capacity goes up substantially, since it was 33.51% in the decade of the nineties and is already at 38.25% until 06/07. This is particularly true of wind capacity of which growth is encouraging and which stands at 9,000 MW now.

      Advances in transmission technologies in India including a large HVDC system have been noted. Technical losses of interregional transfer of power are low and globally comparable. More recently, Power Grid Corporation of India Ltd (PGCIL) has established a 1,200-kV National Test Station for developing the technology for transmitting power at 1,200 kV.

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      1 ^*Corresponding author: [email protected]