The Official (ISC)2 CISSP CBK Reference. Aaron Kraus

a critical part of assuring the security of your company's systems and data. Not only do you need to make sure to hire the right fit for the job, but it's also critical that you are familiar with a candidate's background and history before bringing them into your organization and giving them access to your sensitive information.

There are a couple things your organization must do before beginning to recruit candidates for a position. First, the hiring manager should work with HR to clearly and concisely document the job description and responsibilities. Having a job description with well-documented responsibilities can help you recruit the right person for the job and can later be used as a measuring stick to assess the employee against the expectations set before they were hired. Next, you should identify the classification or sensitivity of the role, based on the level of damage that could done by a person in that role who intentionally or negligently violates security protocols. The classification or sensitivity assigned to a role (referred to as a risk designation by NIST, for example) should inform the types of authorizations an employee will receive once they are hired; as such, the thoroughness of your candidate screening process should match the security of the position that you're filling. As a CISSP, risk designation (or the equivalent in your jurisdiction) should be considered prior to granting any employee access to sensitive information.

      Once a potential employee or contractor is identified, your organization should verify the information in their application and confirm their suitability for the position by conducting a background check. Generally speaking, an employment background check may include the following checks and verifications:

       Education

       Work history

       Citizenship

       Criminal record

       Credit and financial history

       References

      In addition to the previous list, candidate screening may include drug testing and/or further investigation for highly sensitive roles, or positions requiring a special security clearance (this is especially relevant for employment with a government agency). As a CISSP, you should ensure that your organization has policies and procedures in place to screen and hire candidates in accordance with any relevant regulations in your jurisdiction.

      NOTE While background investigations used to be strictly handled by organizations specifically created to conduct them, many employers have added online background screening to their standard procedures. In these circumstances, an employer may choose to research a potential candidate's social media and online presence to gain a fuller picture of that person's attitude, intelligence, professionalism, and general character. Organizations should have clear policies that define the appropriate uses of internet and social media research, standardize which information is to be taken from the social media sites, verify the accuracy of the information, and disclose to applicants the potential use of internet and social media in deciding which applicants to consider.

      Employment Agreements and Policies

      When joining an organization, an employee generally signs an employment contract that may include one or more employee agreements that make certain stipulations by which the employee must abide. The most common employee agreements are nondisclosure agreements and noncompete agreements.

A nondisclosure agreement (NDA) is an agreement that restricts an employee or contractor (or anyone else with access to sensitive information) from disclosing sensitive information they obtain through the course of their employment or relationship with an organization. An NDA is designed to protect the confidentiality of the organization's data (such as trade secrets or customer information) and is often a lifetime agreement (even after the employee leaves the company).

      A noncompete agreement is an agreement that restricts an employee from directly competing with the organization during their employment and, in most cases, for a fixed time after employment. Noncompetes are one-way agreements that are designed to protect organizations from unfair competition by former employees or contractors. As an example, if you are hired as a hardware engineer for a mobile phone designer, you may be required to sign a noncompete stating that you will not work for other companies that design mobile phones for at least 18 months after termination of your employment; the idea here is that your inside knowledge of the company will present less of a disadvantage after those 18 months.

      In addition to NDAs and noncompete agreements, employees may be responsible for reviewing and/or signing various employment policies such as acceptable use policies, code of conduct, or conflict of interest policies.

      Onboarding, Transfers, and Termination Processes

      Onboarding, transfers, and termination are three stages of employment that each comes with its own security considerations. The processes that bring people into an organization set the tone for their work behavior. Similarly, employee termination processes should clarify people's obligation to respect the protection of the organization's intellectual property and data security as they leave the company. As a security professional, you should be actively engaged with the business to ensure that onboarding, transfer, and termination processes are clearly documented and set behavior expectations during all stages of employment.

      Onboarding

Setting good expectations for work behavior should start before the employee walks in the door. Part of the employee orientation program should address information security expectations and requirements. Employees should be reminded of their obligations to protect information and current threats to the organization's information assets, particularly if they are likely to be the targets of malicious actors. Further, orientation practices should inform new employees of the processes for reporting security incidents, their role in maintaining the security of their work area, and the company's classification and categorization processes so they can identify the level of control necessary for particular information.

      Employees should also be made generally aware of the existence of controls that monitor their use of the organization's assets. Not only does this provide them with assurance that the organization does indeed take action to protect its information, but the information alone may act as a deterrent to inappropriate behavior. The intent is not to provide the employee with sufficient technical detail to defeat the controls, but to make sure they understand that their actions may be scrutinized.

      Transfers

      Organizations should have well-defined policies and procedures for handling an employee transferring from one role to another. Part of this process should involve reviewing the employee's existing access to information and evaluating the need for continued access to the same information. Where possible, your organization should seek to remove access that will no longer be needed in the employee's new role; this enforces the principle least privilege, which we discussed earlier in this chapter. In addition, you should have a process in place to identify any role-based training that the employee needs to take prior to the transfer; this is particularly critical when the employee's new role comes with new responsibilities or access to information at a higher sensitivity.

      Termination

      Taking appropriate care when people depart an organization is just as important as ensuring they are properly brought into the organization. Terminations may be voluntary (i.e., an employee retires or finds a new job) or involuntary (i.e., an employee is fired, furloughed, or otherwise “let go”). These former insiders represent a risk to the organization, and appropriate actions must be taken to ensure they do not compromise the operations, intellectual property, or sensitive information with which they have been entrusted.

      When an individual leaves an organization on good terms, it is relatively easy to go through the standard checklist: suspending electronic access, recovering their access badges and equipment, accounting for their keys, and changing the key codes on cipher locks that the departing employee used are among many other standard