Английский язык. Теория и практика. Употребление времен. Ричард Грант

day (to be) over, and the villagers (to come) home from the fields. Along the road two boys (to drive) cows and sheep in the direction of the village. I (to approach) a group of people standing near the road and (to ask) them if I could find a place in the village to spend the night. An old man (to say) he would help me. He (to take) me to his small cottage at the far end of the street. A fire (to burn) in the stove when we (to enter) the house. One girl of about eighteen (to prepare) supper in the kitchen while two other girls still (to do) something in the kitchen garden near the house. The old man (to invite) me to have supper with them. They all (to seem) to be nice people and we (to have) a friendly talk. After supper my new friends and I (to go) out into the garden. The moon (to shine) high in the sky, and the night (to be) warm and beautiful. That evening (to be) very pleasant, and I’ll remember it a long time.

      Разница между The Past Simple и The Present Perfect

      1. Говорим или не говорим, когда что-то произошло.

      В Present Perfect важен факт совершения действия и не имеет значения, когда именно оно произошло. В Past Simple обычно указывается, когда именно произошло действие.

      Слова-маркеры в Past Simple: yesterday (вчера), in 2015 (в 2015), ago (тому назад), when I was younger (когда я был моложе) и другие.

      I have ridden a horse! – Я ездил верхом! (неважно, когда это было)

      I rode a horse yesterday morning! – Вчера утром я ездил верхом! (конкретный момент в прошлом)

      2. Законченный период времени или текущий.

      Если мы говорим о периоде времени, который все еще продолжается, употребляем Present Perfect. Часто на текущий период указывают такие слова-маркеры, как today (сегодня), this week (на этой неделе), this month (в этом месяце) и this year (в этом году).

      Если период закончен, используем Past Simple. На него указывают следующие слова-маркеры: last week (на прошлой неделе), last month (в прошлом месяце), last year (в прошлом году).

      I haven’t seen you in the office this week. – Я не видел тебя в офисе на этой неделе. (неделя не закончилась)

      I didn’t see Sofie at work last week. – Я не видел Софи на работе на прошлой неделе. (прошлая неделя закончилась)

      3. Связь с настоящим и факт из прошлого.

      У Present Perfect всегда есть какая-то привязка к настоящему, тогда как при помощи Past Simple можно просто изложить факты о прошлом.

      We’re so happy! We have learnt English! – Мы так счастливы! Мы выучили английский! (мы счастливы сейчас – привязка к настоящему)

      Ivan learned English at school. – Иван учил английский в школе. (факт из прошлого)

      Упражнение 30

      Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

      1. Helen speaks French so well because she (to live) in France. 2. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early. 3. I (not yet to eat) today. 4. She just (to go) out. 5. It (to be) very cold yesterday. 6. She (to live) there last year. 7. Where you (to spend) your holidays? 8. He (not to eat) yesterday. 9. She (to leave) the room a moment ago. 10. When you (to meet) him? 11. The rain (to stop) and the sun is shining in the sky again. 12. You ever (to spend) your holidays in the Crimea? 13. You (to play) the piano yesterday?

      Упражнение 31

      Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

      1. We (not yet to solve) the problem. 2. I (not to see) him since 2006. 3. The rain (to stop) half an hour ago. 4. While travelling in the Crimea, I (to meet) your friend. 5. You (to play) the piano today? 6. When it all (to happen)? 7. How many mushrooms you (to gather)? 8. Mary (to buy) a new hat. 9. I never (to visit) that place. 10. What you (to prepare) for today? 11. The morning was cold and rainy, but since ten o’clock the weather (to change) and now the sun is shining brightly. 12. Where you (to put) the newspaper? I want to read it, but cannot find it anywhere. 13. I (to buy) a pair of gloves yesterday.

      Упражнение 32

      Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.

      1. He (to visit) that place last year. 2. Look at this birdhouse. Mike (to make) it himself. He (to make) it last Sunday. 3. Show me the dress which you (to make). 4. The new school (to begin) working last year. 5. The wind (to blow) off the man’s hat, and he cannot catch it. 6. I just (to get) a letter from Tom. 7. Where you (to put) my pen? I cannot find it. 8. Oh, how dark it is! A large black cloud (to cover) the sky. I think it will start raining in a few minutes. 9. At last I (to do) all my homework: now I will go out. 10. The weather (to change), and we can go for a walk. 11. You (to take) any photographs while travelling in the south? 12. You (to see) Mary today? 13. Oh, close the window! Look, all my papers (to fall) on the floor because of the wind.

      Упражнение 33

      Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Perfect или Past