Iceland Within the Northern Atlantic, Volume 1. Группа авторов

1.10. The Northwest Peninsula, western Iceland, and the strandflat

      COMMENT ON FIGURE 1.10.– Subsident morphology with a very large strandflat (<50 m, clear) south of the Northwest Peninsula and west of Iceland with fossilized coastal cliffs, flooded glacial valleys up to the upstream cirque (red arrow) and eroded platform in the Vestfirðir sector. Neogene and Quaternary glacial overdeepenings are indicated by black arrows.

In fact, this surface could have been shaped in approximately the Lower Oligocene and especially at the end of this epoch (Chattian). The first evidence of the glaciations of the northern hemisphere dates back to 9 My (beginning of the Tortonian) thus trace since this period a thermal subsidence and a tilting of the platform of at least 150 m west of Iceland, allowing an accentuation of the thermohaline circulation (section 3.1 of Volume 2). The flooded glacial valleys of the southern part of the Northwest Peninsula (Figure 1.10) also illustrate this evolution.

      The eastern coast of the island, on the other hand, has a different history. It includes an older surface, located today at a depth of 1,000 m, which may have been shaped in the Bartonian age, a key period for the tectonics of the Atlantic margins (Chapter 3).

1.4. References

      Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Vogfjörd, K., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Foulger, G.R., Jakobsdóttir, S.S., Julian, B.R., Pritchard, M., Ragnarsson, S., Stefánsson, R. (2002). Imaging the mantle beneath Iceland using integrated seismological techniques. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 107(12) [Online]. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1029/2001 JB000595.

      Anderson, D.L. (2001). Top-down tectonics? Science, 293, 2016–2018.

      Andresen, A., Rehnström, E.F., Holte, M.K. (2007). Evidence for simultaneous contraction and extension at different crustal levels during the Caledonian orogeny in NE Greenland. J. Geol. Soc. London, 164, 869–880.

      Barnett-Moore, N., Hassan, R., Müller, R., Williams, S.E., Flament, N. (2017). Dynamic topography and eustasy controlled the paleogeo-graphic evolution of northern Africa since the mid-Cretaceous. Tectonics, 36, 929–944.

      Bessin, P., Guillocheau, F., Robin, C., Schroëtter, J.M., Bauer, H. (2015). Planation surfaces of the Armorican Massif (Western France): Denudation chronology of a Mesozoic land surface twice exhumed in response to relative crustal movements between Iberia and Eurasia. Geomorphology, 233, 75–91.

      Campbell, I.H. (2007). Testing the plume theory. Chem. Geol., 241(3–4), 153–176.

      Campbell, I.H. and Kerr, A.C. (2007). The Great Plume Debate: Testing the plume theory. Chem. Geol., 241(3–4), 149–152.

      Chauvet, F., Geoffroy, L., Guillou, H., Maury, R.C., Le Gall, B., Agranier, A., Aviana, A. (2019). Eocene continental breakup in Baffin Bay. Tectonophysics, 757, 170–186.

      Courtillot, V., Richards, M., Duncan, R. (1989). Flood basalts and hotspot tracks: Plume heads and tails. Science, 246(4926), 103–107.

      Courtillot, V., Davaille, A., Besse, J., Stock, J. (2003). Three distinct types of hotspots in the Earth’s mantle. Earth Planet Sci. Lett., 205, 295–308.

Cramer, B.S., Toggweiler, J.R., Wright, J.D., Katz, M.E., Miller, K.G. (2009). Ocean overturning since the late Cretaceous: Inferences from a new benthic foraminiferal isotope compilation. Paleoceanography, 24(14) [Online]. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1029/2008PA001683.

      Einarsson, P. and Sæmundsson, K. (1987). Earthquake epicenters 1982–1985 and volcanic systems in Iceland. In Í hlutarins eðli. Festschrift for Þorbjörn Sigurgeirsson, Sigfússon, Þ.I. (ed.). Menningarsjóður, Reykjavík.

      Foulger, G.R. (2012). Are “hot spots” hot spots? J. Geodin., 58, 1–28.

      Foulger, G.R. and Anderson, D.L. (2005). A cool model for the Iceland hotspot. J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res., 141, 1–22.

      Foulger, G.R., Pritchard, M.J., Julian, B.R., Evans, J.R., Allen, R.M., Nolet, G., Morgan, W.J., Bergsson, B.H., Erlendsson, P., Jakobsdóttir, S., Ragnarsson, S., Stefánsson, R., Vogfjörð, K.S. (2001). Seismic tomography shows that upwelling beneath Iceland is confined to the upper mantle. Geophys. J. Inter., 146, 504–530.

      Foulger, G.R., Natland, J.H., Anderson, D.L. (2005). A source for Icelandic magmas in remelted Iapetus crust. J. Volcan. Geotherm. Res., 141, 23–44.

      Hjartarson, Á., Erlendsson, Ö., Blischke, A. (2017). The Greenland–Iceland–Faroe Ridge complex. In The NE Atlantic Region: A Reappraisal of Crustal Structure, Tectonostratigraphy and Magmatic Evolution, Péron-Pinvidic, G., Hopper, J.R., Stoker, M., Gaina, C., Funck, T., Árting, U.E., Doornenbal, J.C. (eds). Geological Society of London, London.

      Jakobsdóttir, S.S. (2008). Seismicity in Iceland: 1994–2007. Jökull, 58, 75–100.

      Jokat, W., Ritzmann, O., Schmidt-Aursch, M.C., Drashev, G.S., Snow, J.E. (2003). Geophysical evidence for reduced melt production on the Arctic ultraslow Gakkel mid-ocean ridge. Nature, 423(6943), 962–965.

      Lisiecki, L.E. and Raymo, M.E. (2005). A Pliocene-Pleistocene stack of 57 globally distributed benthic δ18O records. Paleoceanography, 20 [Online]. Available at: http://doi.org/10.1029/2004PA001071.

      Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Miller, K.G., Sugarman, P.J., Mizintseva, S., Scotese, C.R. (2008). Late Cretaceous to Miocene sea-level estimates from the New Jersey and Delaware coastal plain coreholes: An error analysis. Basin Res., 20(2), 211–226.

      Martos, Y.M., Catalan, M., Jordan, T.A., Golynsky, A., Golynsky, D., Eagles, G., Vaughan, D.G. (2017). Heat flux distribution of Antarctica unveiled. Geophys. Res. Lett., 44, 11417–11426.

      Meyer, R., Van Wijk, J., Gernigon, L. (2007). The North Atlantic Igneous Province: A review of models for its formation. Geol. Soc. Amer., 430, 525–552.

      Miller, K.G., Kominz, M.A., Browning, J.V., Wright, J.D., Mountain, G.S., Katz, M.E., Sugarman, P.J., Cramer, B.S., Christie-Blick, N., Pekar, S.F. (2005). The Phanerozoic record of global sea-level change. Science, 310, 1293–1296.

Miller, K.G., Mountain, G.S., Wright, J.D., Browning, J.V. (2011). A 180-million-year record of sea level and ice volume variations from continental margin and deep-sea isotopic records. Oceanography, 24(2), 40–53.

      Montagner, J.P. (2010). Panaches chauds : mythe ou réalité ? Pour la science : la terre à cœur ouvert, 67, 46–54.

      Morgan, W.J. (1971). Convective plumes in the lower mantle. Nature, 230, 42–43.

      Nunns, A.G., Talwani, M., Lorentzen, G.R., Vogt, P.R., Sigurgeirsson, T., Kristjánsson, L., Larsen, H.C., Vopel, D. (1983). Magnetic anomalies over Iceland and surrounding seas. In Structure and Development of the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, Bott, M.H.P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M., Thiede, J. (eds). Plenum, New York.

      Rehnström, E.F. (2010). Prolonged Paleozoic magmatism in the East Greenland Caledonides: Some constraints from U-Pb ages and Hf isotopes. Journal of Geology, 118, 447–465.

      Rowley, D.B. (2013). Sea level: Earth’s dominant elevation. Implications for duration and magnitudes of sea level variations. J. Geol., 21(5), 445–454.

      Saunders, A.D., Fitton, J.G., Kerr, A.C., Norry, M.J., Kent, R.W. (1997). The North Atlantic Igneous Province. In Large Igneous Provinces: Continental, Oceanic, and Planetary Flood Volcanism, Mahoney, J.J. and Coffin, M.F.