Bitskrieg. John Arquilla

War: Bosnia, Kosovo, and the Future of Combat (New York: PublicAffairs, 2001), especially pp. 259, 342–3.

      40 40 Ivo H. Daalder and Michael E. O’Hanlon, Winning Ugly: NATO’s War to Save Kosovo (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2000).

      41 41 See John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, “Need for High-Tech, Networked Cyberwar,” The Los Angeles Times, June 20, 1999.

      42 42 The most detailed account of this campaign can be found in Doug Stanton, Horse Soldiers (New York: Scribner, 2009).

      43 43 See Donald H. Rumsfeld, “Transforming the Military,” Foreign Affairs (May/June 2002).

      44 44 John Keegan, The Iraq War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), p. 145.

      45 45 Lieutenant General Paul Van Riper USMC (Ret.) and Lieutenant Colonel F. G. Hoffman USMCR, “Pursuing the Real Revolution in Military Affairs: Exploiting Knowledge-Based Warfare,” National Security Studies Quarterly, 4, 1 (Winter 1998), p. 12.

      46 46 Michael Maclear, The Ten Thousand Day War: Vietnam 1945–1975 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1981), p. 191.

      47 47 Victor Davis Hanson, The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost – From Ancient Greece to Iraq (London: Bloomsbury Press, 2013), p. 229. On this same point, see also Thomas E. Ricks, The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006–2008 (New York: The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 163.

      48 48 António Guterres, “Remarks at Web Summit,” United Nations, November 8, 2018.

      49 49 Cited in Samuel Gibbs, “Musk, Wozniak and Hawking Urge Ban on Warfare AI and Autonomous Weapons,” The Guardian, July 28, 2015.

      50 50 Michael Crichton, Electronic Life: How to Think About Computers (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1983), pp. 135–6.

      51 51 For a concise overview of military applications of robotics, see John Arquilla, “Meet A.I. Joe,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, May 1, 2015.

      52 52 Kai-Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2018), provides an excellent overview of this new competition.

      53 53 See, for example: Ewen Montagu, Beyond Top Secret Ultra (New York: Coward, McCann & Geoghegan, Inc., 1978); David Kahn, Seizing the Enigma (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1991); and John Prados, Combined Fleet Decoded (New York: Random House, 1995).

      54 54 Marshall McLuhan, Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1965), p. 23.

      55 55 Ibid., p. 27.

      56 56 On the first three of these, in Georgia, Ukraine, and Kyrgyzstan, see Lincoln A. Mitchell, The Color Revolutions (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2012).

      57 57 See Kevin Kelly, “We Are the Web,” Wired (August 2005).

      58 58 John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars: The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica: RAND, 2001).