Handbook of Diabetes. Rudy Bilous

32Table 32.1 Recommendations for safe driving in people with diabetes taking in...

      22 Chapter 33Table 33.1 National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE) for diabetes in A...Table 33.2 Pillars of integration.Table 33.3 The 9 Key Care process. Every person with diabetes is supposed to ...

      23 Chapter 34Table 34.1 Types of stem cell and their relative advantages and disadvantages...

      List of Illustrations

      1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Estimated comparative raw prevalence of diabetes and impaired glu...Figure 1.2 Rates of major complications of diabetes for the US population de...Figure 1.3 Age standardised mortality rates from diabetes‐related complicati...Figure 1.4 Estimated global diabetes-related healthcare costs for adults age...

      2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The Ebers papyrus. The Wellcome Institute Library, London, UK.Figure 2.2 Thomas Willis. The Wellcome Institute Library, London, UK.Figure 2.3 Claude Bernard. The Wellcome Institute Library, London, UK.Figure 2.4 Paul Langerhans. The Wellcome Institute Library, London, UK.Figure 2.5 Charles Best and Frederick Banting in Toronto in 1922 (the dog is...Figure 2.6 Schematic amino acid sequence of human insulin; porcine and bovin...

      3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Prevalence of diabetes‐specific retinopathy (moderate or more sev...Figure 3.2 The relationship between 2‐hour plasma glucose and survival in pa...Figure 3.3 Diagnosis of diabetes and IGT by the oral glucose tolerance test....Figure 3.4 The prevalence of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes relative to the ...Figure 3.5 High‐risk patients who should be screened annually for type 2 dia...Figure 3.6 Classification of diabetes.Figure 3.7 Using C‐peptide to confirm type 1 diabetes based on residual beta...Figure 3.8 Five replicable clusters of patients with diabetes.Figure 3.9 Clinical features of type 1 and type 2 diabetes.Figure 3.10 Other specific types of diabetes.

      4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Rising numbers of people with diabetes worldwide. IDF Atlas, 2017...Figure 4.2 There are estimated to be 425 m patients with diabetes worldwide ...Figure 4.3 An alarming trend in the USA with increasing numbers of patients....Figure 4.4 Mortality rates due to diabetes‐related complications. IDF Atlas,...Figure 4.5 Premature mortality affects low‐, medium‐ and high‐income countri...Figure 4.6 The relationship between Body Mass Index and the hazard ratio for...Figure 4.7 Healthcare expenditure on diabetes is rising steeply. IDF Atlas, ...Figure 4.8 In the USA the costs of providing diabetes care are enormous. Bas...Figure 4.9 Factors affecting the numbers of patients with type 2 diabetes.Figure 4.10 The shift towards using new, expensive analogue insulins. IMS He...Figure 4.11 A structured lifestyle modification program (aimed at delivering...

      5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 A section of normal pancreas stained with haematoxylin and eosin....Figure 5.2 The localisation of pancreatic hormones in human islets. (a) Insu...Figure 5.3 Potential interactions between the secretory products of the majo...Figure 5.4 Structure of a pancreatic islet, showing the anatomical relations...Figure 5.5 A hypothetical model for postnatal pancreatic β cell growth in hu...Figure 5.6 The primary structure (amino acid sequence) of human insulin. The...Figure 5.7 The double zinc insulin hexamer composed of three insulin dimers ...Figure 5.8 Insulin biosynthesis and processing. Proinsulin is cleaved on the...Figure 5.9 (a) Electron micrograph of insulin secretory granules in a pancre...Figure 5.10 The regulated (normal) and constitutive (active in type 2 diabet...Figure 5.11 (a) The biphasic glucose‐stimulated release of insulin from panc...Figure 5.12 The mechanism of glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion from the β...Figure 5.13 The classic experiment illustrating the incretin effect in norma...Figure 5.14 (a) The incretin effect is greatly diminished in patients with t...Figure 5.15 The insulin receptor and its structural domains. Many mutations ...Figure 5.16 The insulin signalling cascade. Insulin binding and autophosphor...Figure 5.17 (a) The structure of a typical glucose transporter (GLUT). (b) T...Figure 5.18 Insulin regulation of glucose transport into cells.Figure 5.19 Profiles of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in individ...Figure 5.20 Overview of carbohydrate metabolism. cats, catecholamines; cort,...

      6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Age and sex standardised incidence rates per 100,000 population p...Figure 6.2 Incidence rates (1999–2003) of type 1 diabetes in 0–14‐year‐olds ...Figure 6.3 Seasonal variation of type 1 diabetes among Finnish children (a) ...