Handbook of Diabetes. Rudy Bilous

Figure 7.19 Pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to both insulin resistance and β cell failure.

      LANDMARK CLINICAL TRIALS

      1 Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Reduction in incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393–403.

      2 Lindstrom J, Ilanne‐Parikka P, Peltonen M, et al. Sustained reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes by lifestyle intervention: follow‐up of the Finnish Diabetes Prevention Study. Lancet 2006; 368: 1673–1679.

       KEY WEBSITES

       Diabetes atlas for prevalence/incidence: www.eatlas.idf.org

       HOMA calculator: www.dtu.ox.ac.uk

      FURTHER READING

      1 Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw J. Metabolic syndrome – a new world‐wide definition. A consensus statement from the International Diabetes Federation. Diabetic Med 2006; 23: 469–480.

      2 Expert Panel On Detection, Evaluation And Treatment Of High Blood Cholesterol In Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). Executive summary of the 3rd report of the National Cholesterol Education Programme (NCEP). JAMA 2001; 285: 2486–2497.

      3 International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas, 5th edn. Brussels: International Diabetes Federation, 2017.

      4 Kahn R, Buse J, Ferrannini E, Stern M. The metabolic syndrome: time for a critical appraisal. Joint statement from the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 28: 2289–2304.

      5 Li S, Shin HJ, Ding EL, van Dam RM. Adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes. A systematic review and meta‐analysis. JAMA 2009; 302: 179–188.

      6 Maleciki MT. Genetics of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabet Res Clin Pract 2005; 68(Suppl 1): S10–S21.

      7 Nomi SL, Kansagara D, Bougatsos C, Fu R, US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening adults for type 2 diabetes: a review of the evidence for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148: 855–868.

      8 Sparso T, Grarup N, Andreasen C, et al. Combined analysis of 19 common validated type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene variants shows moderate discriminative value and no evidence of gene‐gene interaction. Diabetologia 2009; 52: 1308–1314.

      9 Waugh N, Scotland G, McName P, et al. Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic modelling. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1–125.

      10 Whincup PH, Kaye SJ, Owen CG, et al. Birth weight and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. JAMA 2008; 300: 2886–2897.