Microgrid Technologies. Группа авторов

      Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

      Printed in the USA

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      Foreword

      Power electronics—as a broader technology—fits into modern digital power e-grid, transport, and renewable energy. Editing a book on the current requirements and prospective scope is a challenge to qualify and accomplish according to the market requirements and end-user benefits. It is my pleasure to write a foreword to this book edited/written by my colleagues from Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark and Anna University, Chennai, India—“Microgrid Technologies,” which is giving viable solutions to the demands. With my read-through of the book, I have identified that the content is inventive and enriched with techno-fiscals, a model for upcoming activities for the academic, researchers, and industrialists, from whom we hope the microgrids will be adapted in their work.

      Microgrids are a digital power electronics innovation in new energy operation for electrical energy management with grid-connected or island mode configuration within micro-, macro-, or even nano-energy requirements. A methodical manner and straightforward presentation with all prospects, this book is made up of architectures, theories of AC and DC microgrids, sociocommercial features, energy stream and operation, renewable integration, control techniques, application of artificial intelligence, and analytical simulation examples of microgrid technologies. It is a unified contribution by international authors from Europe, India, Canada, South Africa, Egypt, and Thailand.

       Critical Subjects Covered in This Volume

       The state of the art in renewable energy system-based microgrid includes grid-connected and island structures, distributed energy storage schemes, energy and power management, load flow evaluation, protection, and coordination.

       Digital techniques, Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), communications, etc. are also included.

       Detailed studies culminate with the analytical result for frequency regulation in a low inertia system, PSO algorithm-based UPQC controller, and power quality enhancement too.

       Modeling of smart meters using the most recent technologies of “game theory,” “relaxation algorithm,” “bi-level algorithm,” and “Nikaido–Isoda formulation” for energy exchange centers and bidding strategies—a scope/look to the future digitalized microgrid in renewables is also an interesting prospect of the book.

      From an overall perspective, this book presents the fundamental concepts of modernizing the microgrids as a thirst area of more ample opportunity, and contributes to original research study findings. Therefore, this book is a handy source, offering new interest for electrical power engineers and renewable operators/state regulators.

      This book is a strong addition for readers to enjoy sharing proficiency in the exciting field of microgrids. Finally, I congratulate the Editors, Contributors, and the Wiley-Scrivener Publishing, USA, for the work to bring this into reality with prompt and sharp-quality delivery.

      Enjoy reading the book.

      Prof. Frede Blaabjerg, Fellow IEEE

      Villum Investigator Full Professor

      IEEE President – Power Electronics Society

      Center of Reliable Power Electronics (CORPE)

      Department of Energy Technology

      Aalborg University, Denmark

      Acknowledgements

      Foremost, thanks to the Almighty for his everlasting love throughout this endeavor.

      The Acknowledgements section is always a place to appreciate the dedication, commitment, resources, and timely solution either with the digital platform or a real-time medium; timely support and bond of encouragement are vital tools for teachers and researchers from their Institution.

      In these regards, we, editors, express our sincere thanks to Mr. S. Rajkumar, Executive, JLL, Bengaluru, India; Ms. A. Thaiyal Nayagi, Lecturer, Rane Polytechnic College, Trichy, India; Mr. S. Muthukumaran, Director, TECH Engineering Services, Chennai, India; Mr. K. Balaji, Sr. Electrical Engineer, Sree Nandees Technologies, Chennai, India; Mr. K. Sasikumar, Electrical Engineer, Mott MacDonald, Noida, India; Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark, and Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, College of Engineering Guindy, Anna University, Chennai, India.

      We, editors, got the full support and executed the task promptly where our Institution devoted the time and liberty for enhancement with research in particular to make this book a great success.

      I wish one and all who devoted time and effort for the grand success with the book.

      Warm regards, Editors

      1

      A Comprehensive Review on Energy Management in Micro-Grid System

       Sanjay Kumar1*, R. K. Saket2, P. Sanjeevikumar3 and Jens Bo Holm-Nielsen3

       1Electrical & Electronics Engineering Department, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Odisha, India

       2Electrical Engineering Department, IIT (BHU) Varanasi, India

       3Center for Bioenergy and Green Engineering, Department of Energy Technology, Aalborg University, Esbjerg, Denmark

       Abstract

      Since the last decades there has been a huge exploitation of non-conventional (renewable) energy resources which has increased significantly. A Micro-Grid (MG) presents an appropriate concept to integrate local resources of renewable energy with Storage System of Energy (SSE) and are synchronized to supply the customers’ requirement in different circumstances. Apart from this, the Management System of Energy (MSE) has been analyzed for allocating the output power from the Distributed Generator (DG) units optimally. It also satisfies the local demand, regulates the voltage and frequency of the smart MG, and secures a flat switching between modes, connected to grid and mode of islanded operation. In this article the authors have made an outmost effort about the area of MG–MSE, evolved in the current framework, discussing the storage units and generation of MG, the importance of Electric Vehicles (EVs) as a backup unit, combined heat and power for supplying the thermal requirements, objectives function of MG-MSE and constraints of the systems and current algorithms of optimization.

      Keywords: Management System of Energy (MSE), Micro-Grid (MG), Electric Vehicles (EVs), Heat and Power Combination (HPC), optimization algorithms

1.1 Introduction

      Previously, fossil fuel represents the popular source of electricity, creating emissions of gaseous pollutant in our environment. This led to the advent of renewable energy sources, which provided clean energy and have become the most suitable choice for mitigating the dependency on fossil fuel as it also decreases the Greenhouse effect from the atmosphere. The other natural resources included solar, wind, ocean, biomass, hydro, and geothermal, etc. and were capable of producing electrical energy.

As per the renewable global status report of 2017, the power sector is mainly concerned about the renewable technologies policy, which gives a facility of integration of it into the existing energy systems. Figure