The 1994 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

kWh consumption per capita: 8,475 kWh (1992) Industries: mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel Agriculture: accounts for 5% of GDP and over 30% of export revenues; world's largest exporter of beef and wool, second-largest for mutton, and among top wheat exporters; major crops - wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruit; livestock - cattle, sheep, poultry Illicit drugs: Tasmania is one of the world's major suppliers of licit opiate products; government maintains strict controls over areas of opium poppy cultivation and output of poppy straw concentrate Economic aid: donor: ODA and OOF commitments (1970–89), $10.4 billion Currency: 1 Australian dollar ($A) = 100 cents Exchange rates: Australian dollars ($A) per US$1 - 1.4364 (January 1994), 1.4704 (1993), 1.3600 (1992), 1.2835 (1991), 1.2799 (1990), 1.2618 (1989) Fiscal year: 1 July - 30 June

      @Australia, Communications

      Railroads:

       40,478 km total; 7,970 km 1.600-meter gauge, 16,201 km 1.435-meter

       standard gauge, 16,307 km 1.067-meter gauge; 183 km dual gauge; 1,130

       km electrified; government owned (except for a few hundred kilometers

       of privately owned track) (1985)

       Highways:

       total:

       837,872 km

       paved:

       243,750 km

       unpaved:

       gravel, crushed stone, stabilized earth 228,396 km; unimproved earth

       365,726 km

       Inland waterways:

       8,368 km; mainly by small, shallow-draft craft

       Pipelines:

       crude oil 2,500 km; petroleum products 500 km; natural gas 5,600 km

       Ports:

       Adelaide, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Devonport, Fremantle, Geelong,

       Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Sydney, Townsville

       Merchant marine:

       83 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 2,517,538 GRT/3,711,549 DWT,

       bulk 30, cargo 8, chemical tanker 3, combination bulk 2, container 7,

       liquefied gas 5, oil tanker 18, roll-on/roll-off cargo 7, short-sea

       passenger 2, vehicle carrier 1

       Airports:

       total:

       481

       usable:

       440

       with permanent-surface runways:

       241

       with runways over 3,659 m:

       1

       with runways 2,440–3,659 m:

       20

       with runways 1,220–2,439 m:

       268

       Telecommunications:

       good international and domestic service; 8.7 million telephones;

       broadcast stations - 258 AM, 67 FM, 134 TV; submarine cables to New

       Zealand, Papua New Guinea, and Indonesia; domestic satellite service;

       satellite stations - 4 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 6 Pacific Ocean INTELSAT

       earth stations

      @Australia, Defense Forces

      Branches:

       Australian Army, Royal Australian Navy, Royal Australian Air Force

       Manpower availability:

       males age 15–49 4,885,574; fit for military service 4,239,459; reach

       military age (17) annually 133,337 (1994 est.)

       Defense expenditures:

       exchange rate conversion - $7.1 billion, 2.4% of GDP (FY92/93)

      @Austria, Geography

      Location:

       Central Europe, between Germany and Hungary

       Map references:

       Africa, Arctic Region, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

       Area:

       total area:

       83,850 sq km

       land area:

       82,730 sq km

       comparative area:

       slightly smaller than Maine

       Land boundaries:

       total 2,496 km, Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km,

       Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 37 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 262 km,

       Switzerland 164 km

       Coastline:

       0 km (landlocked)

       Maritime claims:

       none; landlocked

       International disputes:

       none

       Climate:

       temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain in

       lowlands and snow in mountains; cool summers with occasional showers

       Terrain:

       in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and

       northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

       Natural resources:

       iron ore, petroleum, timber, magnesite, aluminum, lead, coal, lignite,

       copper, hydropower

       Land use:

       arable land:

       17%

       permanent crops:

       1%

       meadows and pastures:

       24%

       forest and woodland:

       39%

       other:

       19%

       Irrigated land:

       40 sq km (1989)

       Environment:

       current issues:

       some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil

       pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air

       pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations

       and industrial plants

       natural hazards:

       NA

       international agreements:

       party to - Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Sulphur, Antarctic Treaty, Climate Change, Endangered

       Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test

       Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber,

       Wetlands; signed, but not ratified - Air Pollution-Volatile Organic

       Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Biodiversity, Law of the

       Sea

       Note:

       landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe

       with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is

       the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of

       steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

      @Austria, People

      Population:

       7,954,974 (July 1994 est.)

       Population growth