The 1991 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

aid: US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70–89), $440 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970–88), $4.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979–89), $29 million; Communist countries (1970–89), $125 million

      _#_Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine franc (plural—francs); 1 CFA franc (CFAF) = 100 centimes

      _#_Exchange rates: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (CFAF) per US$1—256.54 (January 1991), 272.26 (1990), 319.01 (1989), 297.85 (1988), 300.54 (1987), 346.30 (1986), 449.26 (1985)

      _#_Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

      _*Communications #_Railroads: 1,003 km total; 858 km 1.000-meter gauge, 145 km 0.600-meter gauge

      _#_Highways: about 65,000 km total; includes 2,682 km bituminous, 30,000 km unimproved earth, 32,318 km gravel, earth, and improved earth

      _#_Inland waterways: 2,090 km; of decreasing importance

      _#_Ports: Douala

      _#_Merchant marine: 2 cargo ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 24,122 GRT/33,509 DWT

      _#_Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft

      _#_Airports: 60 total, 52 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 5 with runways 2,440–3,659 m; 21 with runways 1,220–2,439 m

      _#_Telecommunications: good system of open wire, cable, troposcatter, and radio relay; 26,000 telephones; stations—10 AM, 1 FM, 1 TV; 2 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT earth stations

      _*Defense Forces #_Branches: Army, Navy (including Marines), Air Force; paramilitary Gendarmerie

      _#_Manpower availability: males 15–49, 2,628,909; 1,324,899 fit for military service; 125,421 reach military age (18) annually

      _#Defense expenditures: $219 million, 1.7% of GDP (1990 est.) % @Canada *Geography #_Total area: 9,976,140 km2; land area: 9,220,970 km2

      _#_Comparative area: slightly larger than US

      _#_Land boundaries: 8,893 km with US (includes 2,477 km with Alaska)

      _#_Coastline: 243,791 km

      _#_Maritime claims:

      Continental shelf: 200 m (depth) or to depth of exploitation;

      Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm;

      Territorial sea: 12 nm

      _#_Disputes: maritime boundary disputes with France (Saint Pierre and Miquelon) and US

      _#_Climate: varies from temperate in south to subarctic and arctic in north

      _#_Terrain: mostly plains with mountains in west and lowlands in southeast

      _#_Natural resources: nickel, zinc, copper, gold, lead, molybdenum, potash, silver, fish, timber, wildlife, coal, crude oil, natural gas

      _#_Land use: arable land 5%; permanent crops NEGL%; meadows and pastures 3%; forest and woodland 35%; other 57%; includes NEGL% irrigated

      _#_Environment: 80% of population concentrated within 160 km of US border; continuous permafrost in north a serious obstacle to development

      _#_Note: second-largest country in world (after USSR); strategic location between USSR and US via north polar route

      _*People #_Population: 26,835,036 (July 1991), growth rate 1.1% (1991)

      _#_Birth rate: 14 births/1,000 population (1991)

      _#_Death rate: 7 deaths/1,000 population (1991)

      _#_Net migration rate: 5 migrants/1,000 population (1991)

      _#_Infant mortality rate: 7 deaths/1,000 live births (1991)

      _#_Life expectancy at birth: 74 years male, 81 years female (1991)

      _#_Total fertility rate: 1.7 children born/woman (1991)

      _#_Nationality: noun—Canadian(s); adjective—Canadian

      _#_Ethnic divisions: British Isles origin 40%, French origin 27%, other European 20%, indigenous Indian and Eskimo 1.5%

      _#_Religion: Roman Catholic 46%, United Church 16%, Anglican 10%

      _#_Language: English and French (both official)

      _#_Literacy: 99% (male NA%, female NA%) age 15 and over can read and write (1981 est.)

      _#_Labor force: 13,380,000; services 75%, manufacturing 14%, agriculture 4%, construction 3%, other 4% (1988)

      _#_Organized labor: 30.6% of labor force; 39.6% of nonagricultural paid workers

      _*Government #_Long-form name: none

      _#_Type: confederation with parliamentary democracy

      _#_Capital: Ottawa

      _#_Administrative divisions: 10 provinces and 2 territories*; Alberta,

       British Columbia, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland,

       Northwest Territories*, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island,

       Quebec, Saskatchewan, Yukon Territory*

      _#_Independence: 1 July 1867 (from UK)

      _#_Constitution: amended British North America Act 1867 patriated to Canada 17 April 1982; charter of rights and unwritten customs

      _#_Legal system: based on English common law, except in Quebec, where civil law system based on French law prevails; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

      _#_National holiday: Canada Day, 1 July (1867)

      _#_Executive branch: British monarch, governor general, prime minister, deputy prime minister, Cabinet

      _#_Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Parlement) consists of an upper house or Senate (Senat) and a lower house or House of Commons (Chambre des Communes)

      _#_Judicial branch: Supreme Court

      _#_Leaders:

      Chief of State—Queen ELIZABETH II (since 6 February 1952), represented by Governor General Raymond John HNATSHYN (since 29 January 1990);

      Head of Government—Prime Minister (Martin) Brian MULRONEY (since 4 September 1984); Deputy Prime Minister Donald Frank MAZANKOWSKI (since NA June 1986)

      _#_Political parties and leaders:

       Progressive Conservative, Brian MULRONEY;

       Liberal, Jean CHRETIEN;

       New Democratic, Audrey McLAUGHLIN

      _#_Suffrage: universal at age 18

      _#_Elections:

      House of Commons—last held 21 November 1988 (next to be held by November 1993); results—Progressive Conservative 43.0%, Liberal 32%, New Democratic Party 20%, other 5%; seats—(295 total) Progressive Conservative 159, Liberal 80, New Democratic Party 44, independent 12

      _#_Communists: 3,000

      _#_Member of: ACCT, AfDB, AG (observer), APEC, AsDB,

       BIS, C, CCC, CDB, COCOM, CP, CSCE, EBRD, ECE, ECLAC, FAO, G-7, G-8, G-10,

       GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF,

       IMO, INMARSAT, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,

       LORCS, NATO, NEA, OAS, OECD, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP,

       UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIIMOG, UNTSO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO,

       WTO

      _#_Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Derek BURNEY; Chancery at 1746 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20036; telephone [phone]; there are Canadian Consulates General in Atlanta, Boston, Buffalo, Chicago, Cleveland, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New York, Philadelphia, San Francisco, and Seattle;

      US—Ambassador Edward N. NEY; Embassy at 100 Wellington Street, K1P 5T1, Ottawa (mailing address is P. O. Box 5000,