Syntax. Andrew Carnie

certainly see it being used in more advanced classes. I hope instructors will flesh out the book, and walk their students through some of the thornier issues.

      This textbook has grown out of my lecture notes for my own classes. Needless to say, the form and shape of these notes have been influenced in terms of choice of material and presentation by the textbooks my own students have used. While the book you are reading is entirely my fault, it does owe a particular intellectual debt to the following three textbooks, which I have used in teaching at various times:

       Cowper, Elizabeth (1992) A Concise Introduction to Syntactic Theory: The Government and Binding Approach. Chicago: Chicago University Press.

       Haegeman, Liliane (1994) Introduction to Government and Binding Theory (2nd edition). Oxford: Blackwell.

       Radford, Andrew (1988) Transformational Grammar: A First Course. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

      I’d like to thank the authors of these books for breaking ground in presenting a complicated and integrated theory to the beginner. Writing this book has given me new appreciation for the difficulty of this task and their presentation of the material has undoubtedly influenced mine.

      Sadly, during the final stages of putting the first edition of this text together, my dissertation director, teacher, mentor, and academic hero, Ken Hale, passed away after a long illness. Ken always pushed the idea that theoretical syntax is best informed by cross- linguistic research, while at the same time the accurate documentation of languages requires a sophisticated understanding of grammatical theory. These were important lessons that I learned from Ken and I hope students will glean the significance of both by reading this text. While I was writing this book (and much other work) Ken gave me many comments and his unfettered support. He was a great man and I will miss him terribly.

      It’s hard to believe that I began writing the first drafts of this book twenty two years ago, and now we’re going into the 4th edition. A whole generation of syntacticians began their careers with this book and I’m utterly humbled that it has been so useful to people. I hope this new edition, and the 2nd edition of the accompanying workbook will continue to guide people into the world of syntax. The 4th edition has some important changes from the 3rd. I brought back affix lowering for those who loved it. That’s now at the end of chapter 7. But I’ve also kept the selection-based analysis of English Auxiliaries in chapter 9. Instructors can safely do one, the other, or both. I’ve changed the names of some of the functional categories to reflect current practice. There’s a new, albeit cursory, chapter on Merge at the end. There’s new exercises and problem sets in every chapter both in the main book and in the workbook.

Perhaps the most important change to the book is more subtle and may not be initially apparent. While example sentences are just examples and aren’t meant to make profound statement with their content, I’ve learned through the years that they can impact people nonetheless by perpetuating cultural bias. The subconscious messages example sentences can send cannot help but impact readers. Macaulay and Brice (1997) and Pabst et al (2018) have shown that syntax textbooks and journals often have example sentences that show bias towards male actors and female patients. In reviewing the example sentences in the third edition, I discovered that not only was there a gender bias in the examples, but there was an unconscious bias towards white anglophone names and a failure to represent ethnic, racial, sexuality, and gender diversity. So I made a conscious effort to address those biases. Honestly, I probably haven’t entirely succeeded but I hope the book is now a little more welcoming and will encourage more women, more gender-diverse people, more people of color, more indigenous people and generally broader range of students to seriously consider syntactic theory as their life’s work.

      I hope that instructors and students will find these revisions helpful. I have attempted where possible to take into account all the many comments and suggestions I received from people using the previous editions, although of course, in order to maintain consistency, I was unable to implement them all.

       Acknowledgments

I’d like to thank the many people who taught me syntax through the years: Barb Brunson, Noam Chomsky, Elizabeth Cowper, Ken Hale, Alec Marantz, Diane Massam, Jim McCloskey, Shigeru Miyagawa, and David Pesetsky. A number of people have read through this book or the previous editions and have given me helpful comments; others have helped on smaller issues but have had no less of an impact on the work and still others have contributed problem sets or editorial advice. This long list includes: Dong- Hwan An, David Adger, William Alexander, Dean Allemang, Gabriel Amores, Diana Archangeli, Ash Asudeh, Dali Balti, Brett Baker, Uldis Balodis, Mark Baltin, Luis Barragan, Andy Barss, Michael Bauer, Dane Bell, Emily Bender, Abbas Benmamoun, Jeff Berry, Tom Bever, Bronwyn Bjorkman, Laura Blumenthal, Claire Bowern, Joan Bresnan, Aaron Broadwell, Dirk Bury, Ivano Caponigo, Roy Chan, Ronald Charles, Danny Chen, Deborah Chen-Pichler, Jaehoon Choi, Barbara Citko, Ian Clayton, Peter Cole, Chris Collins, Jennifer Columbus, Richard Compton, Andrew Comrie, Robert Coren, Dick Demers, Lorenzo Demery, Sheila Dooley, Rebecca Drinkall, Joe Dupris, Yehuda Falk, Muriel Fisher, Megan Figueroa, Sandiway Fong, Leslie Ford, Amy Fountain, Stefan Frisch, Alexandra Galani, Andrew Garrett, Jila Ghomeshi, David Gil, Carrie Gillion, Erin Good-Ament, Anthony Green, Andrea Haber, Paul Hagstrom, Ken Hale, John Halle, Mike Hammond, Daniel Harbour, Jack Hardy, Heidi Harley, Josh Harrison, Rachel Hayes-Harb, David Heap, Bernhard Heigl, One-Soon Her, Caroline Heycock, Nicky Hoover, Stephan Hurtubise, John Ivens, Eloise Jelinek, Ling Jiang, Alana Johns, Mark Johnson, Hyun Kyoung Jung, Arsalan Kahnemuyipour, Dalina Kallulli, Simin Karimi, Dan Karvonen, Andreas Kathol, Chris Kennedy, Greg Key, Amy LaCross, Erwin Lares, Richard Larson, Péter Lazar, Carlos Gelormini Lezama, Jeff Lidz, Anne Lobeck, Leila Lomashivili, Pen Long, Sarah Longstaff, Alicia Lopez, Ahmad Reza Lotfi, Ricardo Mairal, Joan Maling, Jack Martin, Diane Massam, Jeffrey Maxwell, Martha McGinnis-Archibald, Nathan McWhorter, Dave Medeiros, Jason Merchant, Mirjana Miskovic-Lukovic, Tel Monks, Kumiko Murasugi, Alan Munn, MaryLou Myers, Jian Gang Ngui, Chris Nicholas, Janet Nicol, Jon Nissenbaum, Peter Norquest, Diane Ohala, Kazutoshi Ohno, Heidi Orcutt-Gachiri, Hiroyuki Oshita, Panayiotis Pappas, Jaime Parchment, Hyeson Park, Barbara Partee, Matt Pearson, David Pesetsky, Colin Phillips, Massimo Piatelli- Palmarini, Carl Pollard, Bill Poser, Kristen Pruett, Jeff Punske, Mike Putnam, Sevren Quijada, Eric Randall, Janet Randall, Marlita Reddy-Hjelmfelt, Jodi Reich, Norvin Richards, Frank Richter, Bob Ritchie, Betsy Ritter, Alexander Robertson, Sharon Rose, Ed Rubin, Jeff Runner, Ivan Sag, Nathan Sanders, Yosuke Sato and his students, Theresa Satterfield, Leslie Saxon, Sylvia Schreiner, Kevin Schluter, Carson Schütze, Jim Scobbie, Deborah Shapiro, Leah Shocket, Dan Siddiqi, Echo Ki Sihui, Peter Slomanson, Kyle Smith, Ryan Walter Smith, Norvel Smith, Nick Sobin, Peggy Speas, Megan Stone, Tania Strahan, Joshua Strauss, Dana Sussman,Maggie Tallerman, Takashi Tanaka, Chris Tancredi, Deniz Tat, Brian ten Eyck, Ariel Theisen, L isa deMena Travis, Alex Trueman, Adam Ussishkin, Huseyin Uysal, Sakari Vaelma, Robert Van Valin, Martin Walkow, Enwei Wang, Shan Wang, Natasha Warner, Andy Wedel, Jennifer Wees, Jerry Weltman, Mary Ann Willie, Marian Wiseley, Dainon Woudstra, Susi Wurmbrand, Alper Yavuz, Kimberley Young, Kim Youngroung, J.R. Yu, James Yuen, my Facebook friends who I regularly victimized as testers for the problem sets in the book, and several anonymous Blackwell and Wiley reviewers. I’m absolutely convinced I’ve left someone off this large list. If it is you many apologies – I really did appreciate the help you gave me. The students in my Introduction to Syntax classes in Michigan in 1997, and in Arizona in 1998–2019, have used all or parts of this textbook. Glynis Baguley, Ada Brunstein, Sarah Coleman, Danielle Descoteaux, Lisa Eaton, Simon Eckley, Rachel Greenberg, Charlotte Frost, Graham Frankland, Tami Kaplan, Becky Kennison, Julia Kirk, Meryl Le Roux, Hannah Lee, Tanya McMullin, Leah Morin, Allison Medoff, Anna Oxbury, Rhonda Pearce, Clelia Petracca, Iain Potter, Venkatnadhan Rajagopalan, Beth Remmes, Jennifer Seward, and Steve Smith of Wiley-Blackwell and their subcontractors all deserve many thanks for help getting this and the previous three editions to press. My family (my mother Jean, my late father Bob, Morag, Fiona, my lost love Pangur, and my new fur kids Crònan, Nechtan and Aoife) were all incredible in their support and love. Go raibh maith agaibh agus tapadh leibh!

      The artwork in chapters3and 6 was created by Dane Bell for this book and is used with permission.