English Economic History: Select Documents. Various

him to appear before you at a certain day upon a certain pain by you to be limited, to be examined of the premises, and thereupon to do that good faith and conscience require, and that for the love of God and in way of charity.

      This is the answer of Harry Edmond to the bill of Elizabeth Baron, Harry Baron and Richard Baron, in the Chancery.

      First, whereas it is surmised by the said Elizabeth that she was possessed and seised of a messuage and four acres of land in the town of Great Hormead in the shire of Hertford, and the said messuage and land held to her and to her heirs at the will of my lord of Oxford as of his manor of Hormead in the same shire by copy of court roll after the custom of the said manor, and that the said Harry Edmond, farmer of the same manor, without cause reasonable and contrary to the custom of the said manor, entered into the said messuage and land and put out the said Elizabeth: The said Harry saith that the said messuage and land be holden of my said lord of Oxford bondly at the will of my said lord as of his said manor by the services of three shillings and halfpenny of yearly rent and by a certain service called the common fine, as it falleth more or less after the entries and … of the tenants of the said manor by the custom of the said manor, by cause whereof the said Harry with one Thomas Denys, under-steward of the court of the said manor, by the commandment of my said lord of Oxford entered into the said messuage and land, after which entry my said lord let the said messuage and land to the said Harry for term of years, by virtue of which lease he [entered] the said messuage and land, as lawful is for him, which matter the said Harry is ready to prove as this Court will [award], and prayeth as for that to be dismissed out of this Court.

      [And as for t]he seizing and withholding of certain goods and chattels of the said Elizabeth, Harry Baron and Richard, to the value of [40 marks, as is sur]mised by the said bill, the said Harry Edmond saith that the seizing and withholding of the said goods and chattels is a matter determinable at the Common Law, and not in this Court of the Chancery. Wherefore as for that he prayeth to be dismissed out of this Court.

      And as for the declaration of the said Harry as for the said goods and chattels, the said Harry saith that he never seized nor withheld the said goods and chattels neither no parcel thereof, as it is surmised by the said bill, which matter the said Harry Edmond is ready to prove as the Court will award, if the Court rule him thereto.

And as for the lying in await surmised by the said bill the said Harry Edmond saith that the said lying in await is matter determinable by the Common Law and not in this Court of the Chancery, wherefore as for that matter he prayeth to be dismissed out of this Court of the Chancery. But, for the declaration of the said Harry Edmond in that matter, the said Harry Edmond saith that he never lay in await neither to beat nor to slay the said Harry Baron nor the said Richard, as they surmise by their said bill, which matter the said Harry Edmond is ready to prove as this Court will award, if the said Court will rule him thereto.[136]

[136] This case illustrates first, the protection coming to be given by Chancery to villein or customary tenure, and second, the growing desire of lords to substitute leasehold for copyhold, a process which began at least as early as the beginning of the fourteenth century; see No. 7 above, and Part II., Section I.; cf. also Savine, in E.H.R. xvii., 296.

      11. Statute of Merton, c. 4 [Statutes of the Realm, Vol. I, p. 2], 1235–6.

      Also, because many great men of England, who have enfeoffed their knights and freeholders of small tenements in their great manors, have complained that they cannot make their profit of the residue of their manors, as of wastes, woods, and pastures, though the same feoffees have sufficient pasture, as much as belongs to their tenements: it is thus provided and granted, that when any persons so enfeoffed bring an assize of novel disseisin touching their common of pasture, and it is acknowledged before the justices that they have as much pasture as suffices for their tenements, and that they have free entry and issue from their tenements into their pasture, then they shall be content therewith; and they of whom they had complained shall go quit of the profit which they have made of the lands, wastes, woods, and pastures; and if they allege that they have not sufficient pasture, or sufficient entry and issue as belongs to their tenements, then the truth shall be inquired by assize; and if it be acknowledged by the assize that their entry or issue is in any way hindered by the same [deforcers] or that they have not sufficient pasture and sufficient entry and issue, as is aforesaid, then shall they recover their seisin by view of the jurors: so that by their discretion and oath, the plaintiffs shall have sufficient pasture and sufficient entry and issue in form aforesaid, and the disseisors shall be in the mercy of the lord the King, and shall yield damages, as they ought to have rendered before this provision. And if it be acknowledged by the assize that the plaintiffs have sufficient pasture with free and sufficient entry and issue, as is aforesaid, then the others may make their profit lawfully of the residue, and go quit of that assize.

      12. An Enclosure Allowed [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 212, No. 1198], 1236–7.

The assize comes to recognise if Elias of Leyburn unjustly etc. disseised Wymar of Leyburn of common of his pasture pertaining to his free tenement in the same town of Leyburn after, etc.[137]

      And Elias comes and says that an assize ought not to be made thereof because that pasture belonged to five lords, and a covenant was made between the lords that each should make his profit of his part, and by this covenant he caused his part to be tilled, and thereof he put himself on a jury.

The jurors say that the wood was at one time common, in such wise that there were five sharers who had the wood common, and afterwards by their consent a partition was made between them that each should have his part in severalty, and it was granted that each might assart[138] his part and grow corn, saving however to each of them common of herbage after the corn was carried, and most of them assarted their part, but the wood whereof complaint is made was not then assarted, and because he to whom the wood pertains has now assarted a part, the said Wymar has brought a writ of novel disseisin. But because it is acknowledged that the wood was thus partitioned among the sharers, it is decided that the aforesaid Elias has not disseised him, and so Elias is dismissed sine die and Wymar is in mercy. And it shall be lawful for each sharer to assart his wood, saving to each of them common of his pasture after the corn and hay is carried.

[137] sc. The King's last return from Brittany.

[138] Bring into cultivation.

      13. An Enclosure Disallowed [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 211, No. 1196], 1236–7

The assize comes to recognise if Robert de Fislake unjustly etc. raised a dyke in Woodhouse to the injury of the free tenement of Adam de Bladewrthe in the same town after etc.[139] Whereon Adam complains that Robert caused to be enclosed a meadow lying near his land, in which he ought to have common of herbage after hay-carrying, and that it ought to lie to pasture every third year with the fallow, wherefore he says that the dyke is to his injury and puts himself on a jury thereof. And Robert does the like.

      The jurors say that the aforesaid Adam always used to have common in that meadow and in the land of Robert by that meadow after the corn and hay were carried, and when the land lay fallow, then in both meadow and fallow, and Robert caused the meadow to be enclosed so that Adam can have no entry to that pasture. And so it is awarded that the dyke be thrown down, and the meadow made as it should be, so that the aforesaid Adam have entry and issue, and that Robert be in mercy, etc.

[139] sc. The king's last return from Brittany.

      14. A Villein on Ancient Demesne Dismissed to his Lord's Court [Bracton's Note-Book, III, 65. No.