Native Americans: 22 Books on History, Mythology, Culture & Linguistic Studies. James Mooney

views of the medicine-man who conducts them.

       Burial—Everywhere throughout the hills and mountains of the reservation one finds small heaps of stones. In most instances these mark Apache graves. A favorite place of burial is a cleft in the rocks, in which the body is placed by the deceased's relatives and covered with stones. These small stones are always deposited one at a time, the Apache believing that to put them on the body all at once would shorten the life of the one so doing. Infants are usually placed on the upper branches of large cedar or piñon trees. The child is wrapped in its carrier, or cradle-board, which is left face up and covered with any sort of cloth, the belief being that the souls of infants are not strong enough to come out through the stones, should they be placed in the ground and covered therewith.

       After-world—Re-created in the human form, Apache spirits are supposed to dwell in a land of peace and plenty, where there is neither disease nor death. The Milky Way is the path of all souls to the after-world. Yólkai Nalí̆n is the guardian goddess of this spirit land, and the spirits of the dead are supposed to journey four days before reaching it. Formerly horses were killed beside the grave of the dead, that they might use them in the after-world. For the same reason wearing apparel was also placed at the grave, together with available articles of adornment and accoutrement.

       Names for Indian Tribes—

      Apache - Ndĕ (The People)

      Arivaipa Apache - Chulĭnné̆

      Chiricahua Apache - Aiahán (People of the East)

      Coyotero Apache - Klĭnápaha (Many Travel Together)

      Havasupai - Dĕzhí̆piklakŭlh (Women Dress in Bark)

      Hopi - Tsekŭlkĭnné̆ (Houses on the Rocks)

      Navaho - Yutahán (Live Far Up)

      Northern Indians - Nda Yutahán (White-man Navaho)

      Pima - Saikĭnné̆ (Sand Houses)

      Rio Grande Pueblos - Tu Tlú̆nĭ (Much Water)

      San Carlos Apache - Tseénlĭn (Between Rocks)

      Tonto Apache - Dĭlzhá̆n (Spatter-talkers), or Koún (Rough)

      Zuñi - Nashtĭzhé̆ (Blackened Eyebrows)

      Infant Burial - Apache

      The Jicarillas

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       Language—Athapascan.

       Population—784.

       Dress—The Jicarillas in dress show the effect of their contact with the Plains tribes, especially the Ute. The primitive dress of the men was a deerskin shirt with sleeves, hip-leggings and moccasins, and the universal loin-cloth. In winter a large loose deerskin coat was worn in addition. The women wore a waist open at the sides under the arms, a deerskin skirt falling below the knees, and legging-moccasins with very high tops. About the waist the women now also wear a very broad leather belt, ten to sixteen inches in width, extending well up under the arms. The men wear their hair in braids hanging over the shoulders and wound with strips of deerskin. Formerly they wore bangs in front on a line with the cheek-bones and tied their hair in a knot at the back of the head, as the Navaho and the Pueblo Indians do. The women part their hair down the middle, bring it to the sides of the head, and tie it with strips of deerskin, cloth, or yarn.

       Dwellings—The Jicarilla dwelling is the same as the tipi of the Plains Indians, once made of five buffalo skins on the usual framework of poles, with smoke-hole at the apex. Since the disappearance of the buffalo, canvas has replaced the skins, and many log houses are also to be found on the reservation. The native house is called kozhán.

       Primitive Foods—The Jicarillas obtain corn from Rio Grande Pueblos in exchange for baskets; but formerly they subsisted mainly by the chase, killing buffalo, deer, antelope, and mountain sheep, besides many kinds of small game and birds. Piñon nuts and acorns, with various wild fruits and berries, were used. Bear and fish were never eaten.

       Arts and Industries—The Jicarillas make a great many baskets of fair quality, from which industry the tribe gained its popular Spanish name. The most typical of their baskets is tray-shaped; this not only enters largely into their domestic life, but was formerly the principal article of barter with their Pueblo neighbors and Navaho kindred. Some pottery is made, practically all of which is in the form of small cooking utensils. The large clay water jar was not used, their wandering life necessitating a water carrier of greater stability.

       Organization—While the government of the Jicarillas is very loose, the head-chief, selected from the family of his predecessor, exercises considerable influence. The two bands into which the tribe is divided had their origin when a part of the tribe remained for a period on the plains after an annual buffalo hunt, and henceforth were called Kohlkahín, Plains People; while those who returned to the mountains received the name Sait Ndĕ, Sand People, from the pottery they made. Each of the two bands has a sub-chief. There are no clans.

       Marriage—Marriage is consummated only by consent of the girl's parents. The young man proves his worth by bringing to her family a quantity of game, and by building a kozhán, which is consecrated on the night of the wedding, by a medicine-man, with prayers to Nayé̆nayĕzganĭ.

       Origin—People, existent with the beginning of time, are guided by Chunnaái, the Sun God, and Klĕnaái, the Moon God, out of an under-world into this, where the various tribes wander about and find their several homes.

       Persons of Miraculous Birth—Nayé̆nayĕzganĭ, son of the virgin Yólkai Ĕstsán and the Sun, and Kobadjischínĭ, son of Ĕstsán Nátlĕshĭn and Water, perform many wonders in ridding the earth of its monsters. The former was the more powerful and much mythology centres about him.

       Ceremonies—The Girls' Maturity observance, an annual feast whose main features are borrowed from the Pueblos, and a four-days medicine rite are the principal ceremonies of the Jicarillas. Numerous less important medicine chants are held.

       Burial—The dead, accompanied with their personal possessions, are taken to elevated places and covered with brush and stones. Their situation is known to only the few who bear the body away. Formerly the favorite horse of the deceased was killed and the kozhán burned, and relatives frequently cut their hair and refrained for a time from personal adornment.

       After-world—When the good die their spirits are believed to go to a home of plenty in the sky, where they hunt among great herds of buffalo. Those who have practised "bad medicine," or sorcery, go to another part of the sky and spend eternity in vain effort to dig through the rock into the land of the good.

       Names for Indian Tribes—

      Apache

       Mohave

       Yuma

       Pima

      Chishín (Red Paint)

      Comanche

       Arapaho

       Kiowa and all Plains tribes

      Nda (Enemies)

      Jicarillas - Haísndayĭn (People Who Came from Below)

      Mescaleros - Natahí̆n (Mescal)

      Navaho - Inltané̆ (Corn Planters)

      Pueblos - Chĭáin (Have Burros)

      Ute - Yóta

      The Navaho

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