The 2010 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

in northeast; however, the amount of pollutants emitted to the air have fallen steadily, the emissions of 2000 were 80% less than in 1980; the amount of unpurified wastewater discharged to water bodies in 2000 was one-20th the level of 1980; in connection with the start-up of new water purification plants, the pollution load of wastewater decreased; Estonia has more than 1,400 natural and manmade lakes, the smaller of which in agricultural areas need to be monitored; coastal seawater is polluted in certain locations

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air

       Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85,

       Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty,

       Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol,

       Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer

       Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

      signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

      Geography - note:

      the mainland terrain is flat, boggy, and partly wooded; offshore lie more than 1,500 islands

      People ::Estonia

      Population:

      1,291,170 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 154

      Age structure:

      0–14 years: 14.9% (male 99,748/female 94,051)

      15–64 years: 67.5% (male 417,816/female 459,246)

      65 years and over: 17.6% (male 75,486/female 153,024) (2010 est.)

      Median age:

      total: 40.2 years

      male: 36.7 years

      female: 43.7 years (2010 est.)

      Population growth rate:

      −0.635% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 227

      Birth rate:

      10.42 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 185

      Death rate:

      13.48 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 22

      Net migration rate:

      −3.29 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 187

      Urbanization:

      urban population: 69% of total population (2008)

      rate of urbanization: −0.3% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

      Sex ratio:

      at birth: 1.063 male(s)/female

      under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female

      15–64 years: 0.91 male(s)/female

      65 years and over: 0.49 male(s)/female

      total population: 0.84 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

      total: 7.19 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 167 male: 8.34 deaths/1,000 live births

      female: 5.96 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth:

      total population: 73.08 years country comparison to the world: 117 male: 67.74 years

      female: 78.76 years (2010 est.)

      Total fertility rate:

      1.43 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 196

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

      1.3% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 48

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

      9,900 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 104

      HIV/AIDS - deaths:

      fewer than 500 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 99

      Major infectious diseases:

      degree of risk: intermediate

      food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea

      vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis (2009)

      Nationality:

      noun: Estonian(s)

      adjective: Estonian

      Ethnic groups:

      Estonian 68.7%, Russian 25.6%, Ukrainian 2.1%, Belarusian 1.2%, Finn 0.8%, other 1.6% (2008 census)

      Religions:

      Evangelical Lutheran 13.6%, Orthodox 12.8%, other Christian (including Methodist, Seventh-Day Adventist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal) 1.4%, unaffiliated 34.1%, other and unspecified 32%, none 6.1% (2000 census)

      Languages:

      Estonian (official) 67.3%, Russian 29.7%, other 2.3%, unknown 0.7% (2000 census)

      Literacy:

      definition: age 15 and over can read and write

      total population: 99.8%

      male: 99.8%

      female: 99.8% (2000 census)

      School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

      total: 16 years

      male: 15 years

      female: 17 years (2008)

      Education expenditures:

      5% of GDP (2007) country comparison to the world: 68

      Government ::Estonia

      Country name:

      conventional long form: Republic of Estonia

      conventional short form: Estonia

      local long form: Eesti Vabariik

      local short form: Eesti

      former: Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic

      Government type:

      parliamentary republic

      Capital:

      name: Tallinn

      geographic coordinates: 59 26 N, 24 43 E

      time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

      daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

      Administrative divisions:

      15 counties (maakonnad, singular - maakond); Harjumaa (Tallinn),

       Hiiumaa (Kardla), Ida-Virumaa (Johvi), Jarvamaa (Paide), Jogevamaa

       (Jogeva), Laanemaa (Haapsalu), Laane-Virumaa (Rakvere), Parnumaa

       (Parnu), Polvamaa (Polva), Raplamaa (Rapla), Saaremaa (Kuressaare),

       Tartumaa (Tartu), Valgamaa (Valga), Viljandimaa (Viljandi), Vorumaa

       (Voru)

      note: counties have the administrative center name following in parentheses

      Independence:

      20 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

      National holiday:

      Independence Day, 24 February (1918); note - 24 February 1918 was

       the date Estonia declared its independence from Soviet Russia; 20

       August 1991 was the date it declared its independence from the