The 2010 CIA World Factbook. United States. Central Intelligence Agency

      Area:

      total: 1.284 million sq km country comparison to the world: 21 land: 1,259,200 sq km

      water: 24,800 sq km

      Area - comparative:

      slightly more than three times the size of California

      Land boundaries:

      total: 5,968 km

      border countries: Cameroon 1,094 km, Central African Republic 1,197 km, Libya 1,055 km, Niger 1,175 km, Nigeria 87 km, Sudan 1,360 km

      Coastline:

      0 km (landlocked)

      Maritime claims:

      none (landlocked)

      Climate:

      tropical in south, desert in north

      Terrain:

      broad, arid plains in center, desert in north, mountains in northwest, lowlands in south

      Elevation extremes:

      lowest point: Djourab 160 m

      highest point: Emi Koussi 3,415 m

      Natural resources:

      petroleum, uranium, natron, kaolin, fish (Lake Chad), gold, limestone, sand and gravel, salt

      Land use:

      arable land: 2.8%

      permanent crops: 0.02%

      other: 97.18% (2005)

      Irrigated land:

      300 sq km (2003)

      Total renewable water resources:

      43 cu km (1987)

      Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural):

      total: 0.23 cu km/yr (17%/0%/83%)

      per capita: 24 cu m/yr (2000)

      Natural hazards:

      hot, dry, dusty harmattan winds occur in north; periodic droughts; locust plagues

      Environment - current issues:

      inadequate supplies of potable water; improper waste disposal in rural areas contributes to soil and water pollution; desertification

      Environment - international agreements:

      party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

      signed, but not ratified: Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping

      Geography - note:

      landlocked; Lake Chad is the most significant water body in the Sahel

      People ::Chad

      Population:

      10,543,464 (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 78

      Age structure:

      0–14 years: 46.7% (male 2,445,841/female 2,381,319)

      15–64 years: 50.4% (male 2,386,428/female 2,816,050)

      65 years and over: 2.9% (male 126,351/female 173,219) (2010 est.)

      Median age:

      total: 16.6 years

      male: 15.5 years

      female: 17.8 years (2010 est.)

      Population growth rate:

      2.038% (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 50

      Birth rate:

      40.12 births/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 13

      Death rate:

      15.79 deaths/1,000 population (July 2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 7

      Net migration rate:

      −3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 194

      Urbanization:

      urban population: 27% of total population (2008)

      rate of urbanization: 4.7% annual rate of change (2005–10 est.)

      Sex ratio:

      at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female

      under 15 years: 1.03 male(s)/female

      15–64 years: 0.85 male(s)/female

      65 years and over: 0.73 male(s)/female

      total population: 0.92 male(s)/female (2010 est.)

      Infant mortality rate:

      total: 97.05 deaths/1,000 live births country comparison to the world: 9 male: 103 deaths/1,000 live births

      female: 90.87 deaths/1,000 live births (2010 est.)

      Life expectancy at birth:

      total population: 47.99 years country comparison to the world: 217 male: 46.95 years

      female: 49.07 years (2010 est.)

      Total fertility rate:

      5.18 children born/woman (2010 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

      HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:

      3.5% (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 18

      HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:

      200,000 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 29

      HIV/AIDS - deaths:

      14,000 (2007 est.) country comparison to the world: 26

      Major infectious diseases:

      degree of risk: very high

      food or waterborne diseases: bacterial and protozoal diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

      vectorborne disease: malaria

      water contact disease: schistosomiasis

      respiratory disease: meningococcal meningitis

      animal contact disease: rabies (2009)

      Nationality:

      noun: Chadian(s)

      adjective: Chadian

      Ethnic groups:

      Sara 27.7%, Arab 12.3%, Mayo-Kebbi 11.5%, Kanem-Bornou 9%, Ouaddai 8.7%, Hadjarai 6.7%, Tandjile 6.5%, Gorane 6.3%, Fitri-Batha 4.7%, other 6.4%, unknown 0.3% (1993 census)

      Religions:

      Muslim 53.1%, Catholic 20.1%, Protestant 14.2%, animist 7.3%, other 0.5%, unknown 1.7%, atheist 3.1% (1993 census)

      Languages:

      French (official), Arabic (official), Sara (in south), more than 120 different languages and dialects

      Literacy:

      definition: age 15 and over can read and write French or Arabic

      total population: 25.7%

      male: 40.8%

      female: 12.8% (2000 est.)

      School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education):

      total: 6 years

      male: 8 years

      female: 4 years (2005)

      Education expenditures:

      1.9% of GDP (2005) country comparison to the world: 173

      Government ::Chad

      Country name:

      conventional