Judaism I. Группа авторов

The Beginning of World War II

      3.1 German Conquests

      3.2 The Ghettos

      3.3 Resistance in the Ghettos

      3.4 Jewish Life in Western Europe

      3.5 Theresienstadt

      4 The Final Solution

      4.1 The Killers

      4.2 Situation in the Baltics

      4.3 The Wannsee Conference

      4.4 »Liquidation« of the Ghettos

      4.5 Deportation by Rail

      4.6 Death Camps

      4.7 Death Marches

      5 The Aftermath of World War II

      5.1 Liberation

      5.2 Return to Life

      5.3 Nuremberg Trials

      5.4 Genocide: The Word and the Crime

      6 Anti-Semitism after World War II

      6.1 Eroding the Foundations of Christian Anti-Semitism

      The Catholic Church

      The Protestant Churches

      6.2 Jewish Life in Israel

      6.3 Anti-Semitism in North America

      6.4 Anti-Semitism in Europe

      Eastern Europe

      7 Survivors and Memory

      7.1 Survival and Survivors

      7.2 Holocaust Memory in the Contemporary World

      For further reading

      Zionism and the State of Israel

      Martin Kloke

      1 »By the Rivers of Babylon«: The Early History of Zionism

      2 Jewish Palestine before the First World War

      3 The First World War and the Balfour Declaration, 1917

      4 Consolidation and Advances: The Zionist Project under the British Mandate

      5 In the Shadow of the Shoah: Jewish Mass Immigration, the Arab Uprising and, the Second World War

      6 Partition Plans in Context: En Route to the State of Israel

      7 War and Terrorism: Signs of a Violent Relationship between Israel and Palestine

      8 The Founding of the State of Israel

      9 Foundations of State and Society

      10 The Israelis: A Migrant Society in Flux

      11 Israel in the Middle East: Between War and Peace-Process

      12 Democracy under Stress

      13 The Israeli Economic Miracle and the Nuclear Nightmare

      14 Israel’s Image in the World

      15 Future Prospects: Looking Ahead

      For further reading

      Judaism in America

      Deborah Dash Moore

      1 A Revolution in American Judaism

      2 Conflict and Competition

      3 Americanizing Jewish Culture: Capitalism and Gender

      4 Jewish Communal Organizations

      5 New Religious Movements

      6 Postwar Religion and Politics

      7 American Jews with American Values

      8 Diversity and Dissent

      For further reading

      Judaism in Europe after the Second World War

      Kerstin Armborst-Weihs

      1 Displaced Persons

      2 The Soviet Union and Successor States

      2.1 The Situation of the Jewish Population in the Post-War Decades

      2.2 Jewish Emigration from the Soviet Union

      2.3 Developments since

      3 Poland and Hungary

      4 Germany

      5 Great Britain

      6 France

      7 Southern Europe

      7.1 Italy

      7.2 Spain

      7.3 Greece

      8 Judaism in Europe: Organizations, Plans, and Discussions

      For further reading

      Index

      1 Sources

      1 Hebrew Bible

      Genesis

      Numbers

      Deuteronomy

      Judges

      2 Kings

      Ezra

      Nehemiah

      Isaiah

      Jeremiah

      Ezekiel

      Daniel

      Hosea

      1.1 New Testament

      1.2 Deuterocanonical Works and Septuagint

      1.3 Old Testament Pseudepigrapha

      1.4 Dead Sea Scrolls

      1.5 Philo of Alexandria

      1.6 Flavius Josephus

      1.7 Rabbinical Sources

      1.8 Classical and Ancient Christian Writings

      2 Names

      3 Keywords

      Maps

      Editors’ Introduction

      Burton L. VisotzkyMichael Tilly

      In the beginning, the Hebrew Bible was formed as an anthology of Jewish texts, each shaping an aspect of Jewish identity. As the Israelite community and its various tribes became two parts: a Diaspora and its complement, the community in the Land of Israel—competing interests formed a canon that represented their various concerns. Over time, the communities grew, interacted, and focused on local religious needs, all the while ostensibly proclaiming fealty to the Jerusalem Temple. Even so, some communities rejected the central shrine that the Torah’s book of Deuteronomy proclaimed to be »the place where the Lord chose for His name to dwell« (Deut. 12:5, et passim). Still other Jewish communities had their own competing shrines. Yet for all their dissentions, disagreements, and local politics, there was a common yet unarticulated core of beliefs and practices that unified the early Jewish communities across the ancient world.¹ As the most important prerequisites and foundations of all areas of their lives—and irrespective of all pluriformity or heterogeneity—strict monotheism and the central importance of the Torah, which was considered to be directly inspired by God, shaped the contours of what can be perceived in manifold forms as »Judaism«. As the Second Temple period (516 BCE—70 CE) drew to a close, the biblical canon took its final shape, and a world-wide Jewish community emerged as a moral and spiritual power.²

      That canon, by definition, excluded certain Jewish texts, even as it codified others. And the political processes of the Persian and Hellenistic empires confined and defined the polities of their local Jews. From east to west, at the very moment in 70 CE when the centralized Jerusalem cult was reduced to ashes, Judaism, like the mythical phoenix, emerged. Across the oikumene, with each locale finding its own expressions, communities that had formed around the study of the biblical canon produced commentaries, codes, chronicles, commemorations,