Judaism I. Группа авторов

against the »Wicked Priest«: date of the Day of Atonement

      Distance from sacrifices among the Essenes

      6.3 Guide to a Judaism without a temple—the Pharisees

      6.4 The followers of Jesus of Nazareth

      7 The synagogue—History and Significance

      7.1 The emergence of the synagogue

      7.2 The functions of the synagogue

      7.3 Synagogues in the Diaspora

      Egypt

      Rome

      Outlook

      8 Sacred Writings in Judaism of the Hellenistic-Roman Period

      9 The Emergence of the Canon of Biblical Writings in Alexandria and Judea—Concluding Remarks

      10 Final Reflections on Judaism and Hellenism

      For further reading

      Jews in the West: From Herod to Constantine the Great

      Natalie B. Dohrmann

      1 Introduction

      2 Herod (37–4 BCE)

      3 Herodian Dynasty (4 BCE–66 CE)

      4 Flavius Josephus

      5 Roman Administration and the Run-up to the War

      6 Jewish Identity and Jewish Extremism

      7 The Jewish War (66–73 CE)

      8 The Interbellum and Bar Kokhbah (73–136 CE)

      9 The Legal Status of Jews under Roman Rule

      9.1 Jews in the Roman Diaspora

      9.2 Diaspora Uprising 115–117 CE

      9.3 Jewish Alexandria

      9.4 Jews of Rome

      10 Pagan Perspectives on Jews and Judaism

      11 The Jesus Movement and Early Christianity

      12 The Rabbinic Movement

      13 Conclusion

      For further reading

      Primary sources in English Translation

      Secondary Reading

      The Resilience of Jews and Judaism in Late Roman-Byzantine Eretz Israel

      Lee I. Levine

      1 Introduction

      2 Developments in the History of Palestine in the Late Roman Era (Second and Third Centuries)

      3 Within the Byzantine-Christian Orbit

      4 Synagogues

      4.1 Capernaum

      4.2 Ḥammat Tiberias

      4.3 Sepphoris

      4.4 Ḥuqoq

      5 Remains from the Cairo Genizah

      6 The Flourishing of Jewish Culture in Late Antiquity

      6.1 Burgeoning synagogue Construction

      6.2 The Appearance of in Jewish Liturgy

      6.3 Aggadic Midrashim: A New Creation

      6.4 Jewish Art in Late Antiquity

      7 Jewish »Late Antiquity« in its wider Cultural Context

      8 Conclusions

      For further reading

      Judaism in Babylonia: 226–650 CE

      Geoffrey Herman

      1 Jewish settlement, community, and daily life

      2 Under the Arsacid and Sasanian Empires

      3 Jews and Persians

      4 The Babylonian Legacy

      5 Rabbis and Rabbinic Schools

      6 The Exilarchate

      For further reading

      Jews and/under Islam: 650–1000 CE

      Phillip Issac Liebermann

      1 General Conditions

      2 The Pact of ʿUmar

      3 Communal Organization

      4 Daily Life

      5 The Karaite Schism

      6 Religious Life

      7 Regional Life

      For further reading

      Judaism in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500

      Robert Chazan

      1 Introduction

      2 Northern Europe Jewry: Beginnings

      3 Northern European Jewry: Maturation

      4 Northern European Jewry: Accelerating Pressures

      5 Southern European Jewry

      6 Conclusions

      For further reading

      Judaism During and After the Expulsions: 1492–1750

      Joseph M. Davis

      1 The »Early Modern« Period

      2 The Catastrophe: Expulsion from Spain

      3 The Recovery of Judaism 1492–1618

      4 Early Modern Judaism

      4.1 The Formation of Early Modern Judaism

      4.2 Printing and Literacy

      4.3 Kabbalah

      5 The Seventeenth Century

      5.1 The Jews in the Global Crisis of the Seventeenth Century (1618–1676)

      5.2 The Spiritual Crisis of the Mid-Seventeenth Century: Baruch Spinoza and Shabbetai Tsvi

      5.3 New Centers and New Peripheries 1675–1750

      6 Hasidism and its Opponents: 1740–the Present

      For further reading

      Modern Judaism: 1750–1930

      Dominique Bourel

      1 When did »Modern Judaism« begin?

      2 Moses Mendelssohn and the Jewish Enlightenment (

      3 Jewish Enlightenment in Europe

      4 The Birth and Solidification of Hasidism

      5

      6

      7 The Debate between Orthodoxy and Reform

      8 Modern American Judaism

      9 The Emergence of Zionism

      For further reading

      The Holocaust and Anti-Semitism

      Michael Berenbaum

      1 The Rise of the Nazi Movement

      1.1 Adolf Hitler—Evolution of an Anti-Semite

      1.2 Roots of Anti-Semitism

      1.3 Nazi Rise to Power

      1.4 The Fragility of Democracy

      1.5 Nazis in Power

      1.6 German Jewish Reaction

      1.7 The 1936 Olympics

      2 1938—The End of the Beginning and the Beginning of the End

      2.1 The »Anschluss« of Austria

      2.2 Evian and the Refugee Crisis

      2.3 The Kristallnacht Reich’s Pogrom, the Night of Broken Glass

      2.4 The American Reaction