Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook. James G. Speight

coal tightly and compacting) or storage in closely covered airtight enclosure, (iv) reducing the fine powder content in the coal, (v) limit the height of stockpile, (vi) avoid conical heaps, which tend to increase the surface area and, hence, the risk of fire, (vii) follow the practice of first-in, first-out in stockpile management – the old parts of the stockpile should be used first for consumption and the fresh coal should go for storage.

      In summary, actions that could diminish the intensity of the self-ignition process and prevent production loss through fires are: (1) prevent access of fresh air by covering the stockpile with unreactive heavy oil, (2) storage of coal with small particle size, (3) storage of coal with low humidity, and, above all, (4) decreasing the storage interval of the coal to the minimum possible time.

References

      Akgun, F. and Arisoy, A. 1994. Effect of Particle Size on the Spontaneous Heating of a Coal Stockpile. Combustion and Flame, 99: 137-146.

      Akgun, F, and Essenhigh G.H. 2001. Self-Ignition Characteristics of Coal Stockpiles: Theoretical Predictions from a Two-Dimensional Unsteady State Model. Fuel, 80: 409-415.

      Allen, R.R., and Parry, V.F. 1954. Storage of Low-Rank Coals. Report of Investigations No. 5034. Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Washington DC.

      Arisoy, A. and Akgun, F. 1994. Modeling of Spontaneous Combustion of Coal with Moisture Content Included. Fuel, 73: 281-286.

      Arisoy, A. and Akgun, F. 2000. Effect of Pile Height on Spontaneous Heating of Coal Stockpiles. Combustion Science and Technology, 153: 157-168.

      Arisoy, A., Beamish, B.B., and Çetegen, E. 2006. Modeling Spontaneous Combustion of Coal. Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci., 30: 193-201.

      Barkley, J.F. 1942. Pointers on the Storage of Coal. Information Circular No. 7121. Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

      Beier, E. 1973. Einflus von Feuchtigkeit, Eisensalsen und Mikroorganism auf die Atmosphaerische Oxydation von Kohle und Pyrit (Influence of Moisture, Iron Salts, and Microorganisms on the Atmospheric Oxidation of Coal and Pyrite). Glückauf Forscungshefte 34(H.1): 24-32.

      Berkowitz, N., and Schein, H.G. 1951. Heats of Wetting and the Spontaneous Ignition of Coal. Fuel, 30: 94-96.

      Berkowitz, N., and Speight, J.G. 1973. Prevention of Spontaneous Heating of Coal. Can. Inst. Min. Metall. Bull., 66(736): 109.

Brooks, K. and Glasser, D. 1986. A Simplified Model of Spontaneous Combustion in Coal Stockpiles. Fuel, 65, 1035-1041.

      Carras, J.N., and Young, B.C. 1994. Spontaneous Heating of Coal and Related Materials: Models, Application and Test Methods. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 20: 1-15.

      CFR. 2012. 40 CFR 60.254. Standards for Coal Processing and Conveying Equipment, Coal Storage Systems, Transfer and Loading Systems, and Open Storage Piles. Code of Federal Regulation, United States Congress, Washington, DC.

      Chakravorty, R.N. 1984. Report No. ERP/CRL 84-14. Coal Research Laboratories. Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

      Chakravorty, R.N., and Kar, K. 1986. Report No. ERP/CRL 86-151. Coal Research Laboratories. Canada Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

      Chamberlain, E.A.C. and Hall, D.A. 1973. The Liability of Coals to Spontaneous Combustion. Colliery Guardian, 65-72.

      Chen, X.D. 1992. Combustion and Flame. 90(2): 114.

      Diaconu, B.M., Cruceru, M., and Popescu, L.G. 2011. Proceedings. International Conference on Energy, Environment, Devices, Systems, Communications, Computers (EEDSCC 11). Venice, Italy. March 8-11. Page 118-123.

      Didari, V. and Ökten, G. 1994. Spontaneous Combustion of Coal and Prevention Methods. Coal. O. Kural (Editor). Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey. Page 215-221.

      Dryden, I.G.C. 1963. In Chemistry of Coal Utilization. Supplementary Volume. H.H. Lowry (editor). John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. Chapter 6.

      EIA. 2012. Electric Power Monthly. Energy Information Administration, United States Department of Energy, Washington, DC.

      Elder, J.L., Schmidt, L.D., and Steiner, W.A. 1945. Relative Spontaneous Heating Tendencies of Coals. Technical Paper No. 681. Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

      Feng, K.K. 1985. Spontaneous Combustion of Canadian Coals. CIM Bulletin, 78(877): 71-75.

      Fieldner, A.C., Fisher, P.L., and Brewer, R.E. 1945. Annual Report of Research and Technologic Work on Coal-Fiscal Year 1944. Information Circular No. 7322. Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

      Gray, P., Boddington, T., and Harvey, D.I. 1971. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A270: 467.

      Gray, P., Griffiths, J.F., and Hasko, S.M. 1984. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 34A: 453.

      Gray, B.F. 1990. The Ignition of Hygroscopic Materials by Water. Combustion and Flame, 79: 2-6.

      Güney, M. 1968. Oxidation and Spontaneous Combustion of Coal: Review of Individual Factors. Colliery Guardian, 216, 105-110 and 137-143.

      Haslam, R.T., and Russell, R.P. 1926. Fuels and their Combustion. McGraw-Hill, New York. Chapter 4.

      Jackman, H.W. 1957. Weathering of Illinois Coal During Storage. Circular 2271, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois.

      Jones, J.C. 1990. Fuel. 69: 399.

      Jones, J.C., and Wake, G.C. 1990. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 48: 209.

      Jones, J.C., Rahmah, H., Fowler, O., Vorasurajakart, J., and Bridges, R.G. 1990. J. Life Sci. 8: 207.

      Jones, J.C., and Vais, M. 1991. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 26: 203.

      Jones J.C. 1998. Temperature Uncertainties in Oven Heating Tests for Propensity to Spontaneous Combustion. Fuel, 77: 1517-1519.

      Joseph, J.T., and Mahajan, O.P. 1991. In Coal Science II. Symposium Series No. 461. H.H. Schobert, K.D. Bartle, and L.J. D. Lynch (editors). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC. Chapter 23.

      Kaymakçi, E., and Didari, V. 2002. Relations between Coal Properties and Spontaneous Combustion Parameters. Turkish J. Eng. Env. Sci., 26: 59-64.

Kim, A.G. 1997. Laboratory Studies on Spontaneous Combustion of Coal. Report IC 8756. Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.

      Kreulen, D.J.W. 1948. Elements of Coal Chemistry. Nijgh & van Ditmar N.V., Rotterdam. Chapter XII.

      Kröger, C. und Beier, E. 1962. Die Verwitterung von Steinkohlen. Brennstoff-Chemie, 11: 328-335.

      Landers, W.S., and Donoven, D.J. 1961. Storage, Handling and Transportation. Chemistry of Coal Utilization. H.H. Lowry (Editor). Chapter 7.

      Lyman, Robert M. and Volkmer, John E. 2001. Pyrophoricity (Spontaneous Combustion) of Powder River Basin Coals – Considerations for Coal Bed Methane Development. Coal Report CR01-1, Wyoming State Geological Survey, Laramie, Wyoming, March.

      Medek, J. and Weishauptová, Z. 1999. Effect of Coal Interaction with Oxygen on its Ignition Temperature. Energy & Fuels, 13: 77-81.

      Medek, J., and Weishauptová, Z. 2004. Criticism of Prediction of Coal Self-Ignition. Acta Geodyn. Geomater, 1(2): 275-277.

      Mitchell, J. 1963. Stockpiling of Coking Coals. Blast Furnace and Steel Plant, July: 540.

      Monazam, E.R.,