Coal-Fired Power Generation Handbook. James G. Speight

matter yield (Brown and Hior...Figure 6.6 Variation of the Hardgrove grindability index with volatile matter yi...

      6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Changes occurring to the mineral matter during coal combustion (Reid,...Figure 7.2 Relationship of burning time to particle size (Speight, 2013).Figure 7.3 H/C-O/C diagram (Van Krevelen, D.W. 1950. Graphical-Statistical Metho...

      7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 A Chain-grate stoker (Speight, 2013).Figure 8.2 Combustion process occurring in a solid fuel bed.Figure 8.3 An under-feed stoker (Speight, 2013).Figure 8.4 Schematic comparison of (a) a bubbling fluidized-bed reactor and (b) ...Figure 8.5 A Fluidized-Bed Combustor (Speight, 2013).Figure 8.6 Illustration of the fluidized-bed concept: (a) Gas velocity less than...Figure 8.7 A pressurized fluidized-bed combustor (Speight, 2013).Figure 8.8 The Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) process (Speight, 2...Figure 8.9 A Cyclone Furnace (Speight, 2013).Figure 8.10 A Magnetohydrodynamic Generator (Speight, 2013).

      8 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Uses of the various gaseous products from coal.Figure 9.2 Variation of gas composition and heating value with pressure (Baughma...Figure 9.3 General chemistry of the various gasification systems.

      9 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The principal types of gasifiers.Figure 10.2 The Foster-Wheeler stoic gasifier.Figure 10.3 A slagging Lurgi gasifier.Figure 10.4 A Wellman-Galusha gasifier.Figure 10.5 An agitated Wellman-Galusha gasifier.Figure 10.6 A Woodall-Duckham gasifier.Figure 10.7 The agglomerating burner process.Figure 10.8 The carbon dioxide acceptor process.Figure 10.9 The Coalcon process.Figure 10.10 The COED/COGAS process.Figure 10.11 The Exxon Catalytic Gasification process.Figure 10.12 The Hydrane process.Figure 10.13 The Hygas process.Figure 10.14 The Pressurized Fluid Bed.Figure 10.15 The Synthane process.Figure 10.16 The U-Gas process.Figure 10.17 The Winkler process.Figure 10.18 The Bi-Gas process.Figure 10.19 The Combustion Engineering process.Figure 10.20 A Koppers-Totzek Gasifier.Figure 10.21 Texaco process.Figure 10.22 The Atgas process.Figure 10.23 Pullman-Kellogg process.Figure 10.24 Rockgas process.Figure 10.26 The Borehole Producer Method (Braunstein et al., 1977).Figure 10.27 The Chamber Method (Braunstein et al., 1977).Figure 10.28 The Shaftless Method (Percolation Method) – (a) Section through Bor...Figure 10.29 The Stream Method Gasification (Braunstein et al., 1977).

      10 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Schematic for a typical coal-fired power plant based on coal combust...Figure 11.2 A steam turbine for electricity generation.Figure 11.3 Schematic of an IGCC power plant.

      11 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 A dry process for flue gas desulfurization (key: ESP – electrostatic...Figure 12.2 A wet process for flue gas desulfurization (key: ESP – electrostatic...Figure 12.3 A Venturi scrubber.Figure 12.4 Vortex and Eddy flows in a cyclone.Figure 12.5 Processes for hydrogen sulfide removal.

      12 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 The oxy-fuel process.

      13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Simplified crude oil distillation scheme. Key: pipe still – distilla...Figure 15.2 Relative oxygen content of coal and biomass.Figure 15.3 The periodic table of the elements.Figure 15.4 Examples of lipid derivatives.Figure 15.5 Examples of fatty acids.Figure 15.6 Generalized structure of cellulose.Figure 15.7 Hypothetical structure of lignin to illustrate the complexity of the...Figure 15.8 Products from biomass pyrolysis.

      14 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 The gasification process can accommodate a variety of carbonaceous f...Figure 17.2 The distillation section of a refinery.Figure 17.3 Relative distribution of heteroatoms in the various fractions of cru...Figure 17.4 Flexicoking process.

       List of Tables

      1 Chapter 1Table 1.1 Coal ranks*.Table 1.2 Illustration of the effects that can contribute to the coalification p...Table 1.3 History of coal use.Table 1.4 The Geologic timescale.Table 1.5 Distribution of US Coal Reserves (% of total) (Energy information Admi...Table 1.6 Sulfur content of US Coals by Region (Energy information Administratio...Table 1.7 Estimated Coal Reserves by Country (Energy information Administration,...

      2 Chapter 2Table 2.1 Types of coal.Table 2.2 Grades of coal as designated by the Indian System.Table 2.3 Classification by banded structure.Table 2.4 Coal classification according to rank (ASTM D388).Table 2.5 Typical properties of coal.Table 2.6 Differentiation of coal rank, coal type, and coal grade.Table 2.7 National coal board (UK) system of coal classification.Table 2.8 Classification of coal by the International System.Table 2.9 Nomenclature and Sub-division of the Various Maceral Groups.Table 2.10 Comparison of Various Coal Classification Systems.

      3 Chapter 3Table 3.1 Added value to coal through processing (cleaning).Table 3.2 Typical properties of different rank coals (Speight, 2013).Table 3.3 Extent of coal wetting based on fines and surface moisture.Table 3.4 General methods of coal preparation and levels of cleaning (Speight, 2...Table 3.5 Approximate size dimensions of coal for combustion in various coal-fir...Table 3.6 Different types of moisture in coal and methods for removal (Karthikey...Table 3.7 Sulfur distribution in selected US Coals (Speight, 2013).

      4 Chapter 4Table 4.1 General properties that contribute to spontaneous combustion.Table 4.2 Examples of common methods of preventing spontaneous combustion.

      5 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Procedures and Purposes for Coal Testing using the Standard Test metho...Table 5.2 Classification of Coal by Rank (see also Chapter 2).Table 5.3 Approximate Composition of Coal Ash (Speight, 2013).Table 5.4 Generalized Thermal Chemistry of Mineral Types (Speight, 2013).Table 5.5 Approximate relationship of ultimate analysis to proximate analysis.Table 5.6 Conversion factors for components other than hydrogen and oxygen (ASTM...Table 5.7 Examples of data (% w/w) obtained by proximate analysis (ASTM D3172).Table 5.8 Examples of data (% w/w) obtained by ultimate analysis (ASTM D3176).

      6 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Physical, mechanical, and thermal properties of coal.Table 6.2 Variation of friability with rank.Table 6.3 Hardgrove grindability indexes of selected US coals.Table 6.4 Heat content of coal at various temperatures.

      7 Chapter 7Table 7.1 Typical properties of the various types of coal.Table 7.2 Thermodynamics of coal combustion.Table 7.3 General ranges for the composition of coal ash (Speight, 2013).Table 7.4 Properties of bituminous coals suitable for use in coal-oil mixtures.Table 7.5 Technological aspects of the use of coal-liquid mixtures.Table 7.6 Methods of biomass fuel analysis (Jenkins et al., 1998; Speight, 2008,...

      8 Chapter