Comprehension [Grades K-12]. Douglas Fisher

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Название Comprehension [Grades K-12]
Автор произведения Douglas Fisher
Жанр Языкознание
Серия Corwin Literacy
Издательство Языкознание
Год выпуска 0
isbn 9781071840740



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i.1 A framework for reading comprehension instruction.

      The Skill of Reading Comprehension

      The forces that must be mobilized to understand a text are many. In this first phase of reading comprehension instruction, teachers focus on the component parts of reading: oral language, phonemic awareness, phonics, vocabulary, and fluency. These components are formulated according to the age and needs of students, with some skills instruction fading as students master them. However, neglecting any one of these processes will very likely result in compromised comprehension. Over time, students increasingly automate these processes, freeing working memory for comprehension. If a student is laboring over individual words, whether because she can’t decode them or because he doesn’t know what they mean, meaning making is harder and sometimes impossible. When students read laboriously, they rarely pay attention to the meaning and often forget what they read at the start of the sentence or paragraph. Comprehension suffers.

      We call these skills because we want students to evolve from strategic readers to skilled ones. As Afflerbach et al. (2008) note, “Reading skills operate without the reader’s deliberate control or conscious awareness. . . . This has important, positive consequences for each reader’s limited working memory” (p. 368). Strategies, on the other hand, are “effortful and deliberate” and occur during initial learning, and when the text becomes more difficult for the reader to understand (p. 369).

      The Will of Comprehension Instruction

      When reading comprehension is reduced to a set of skills, many students simply don’t read, even when they might otherwise. And we are not just referring to reading outside of school, an important effort for increasing reading volume. We are alluding to students who skim a text simply to find answers, or avoid reading tasks altogether. The will level of reading comprehension focuses on students’ mindsets about reading. These approaches invite them to engage more fully with texts. Efforts aligned with building the will dimension of reading comprehension center on creating the mental attitude, inclination, habit, or disposition that predetermines a students’ willingness to engage in reading. In other words, the will of comprehension relates to student engagement and motivation to read and understand. Reading comprehension instruction oriented to goals, choice, and relevance contribute to will.

       The will level of reading comprehension focuses on students’ mindsets about reading.

      Far too often, students abandon reading when the text is complex. A common misconception is that reading should always be easy, and that struggle must be avoided. In fact, productive failure is widely understood as a necessary component of the problem-solving process. And reading is problem solving. There are times when we grapple with ideas, and we persevere to make sense. That is not to say that first graders should be reading War and Peace, but rather that struggle should be seen as natural and that sometimes the texts we read are challenging. Overcoming appropriately challenging tasks fuels a sense of pride and accomplishment, important ingredients in motivation.

       Overcoming appropriately challenging tasks fuels a sense of pride and accomplishment, important ingredients in motivation.

      Another dimension of will in reading comprehension is the use of choice. Sending students home to read the whole class novel is counter to developing their will to read and comprehend. There is nothing wrong with studying texts in class, but increasing choice will increase the number of students who actually read. Imagine focusing on a genre, topic, or theme and creating a list of 10 titles that will allow students to master the standards. Simply increasing choice can increase will.

      The Thrill of Comprehension

      The final phase of our framework focuses on the excitement that students should experience when they comprehend a text. Thrill in this context refers to the ways in which students can use the information or experience of reading and comprehending in service of something else. We discovered this phase when we started asking students, “What does the text inspire you to do?”

       We discovered the thrill when we started asking students, “What does the text inspire you to do?”

      Imagine the power of writing Amazon.com or Goodreads.com reviews rather than book reports. Or the impact of presenting information to others and seeing something change, or debating ideas or engaging in a Socratic seminar. There are all kinds of ways that students can be invited into the thrill of comprehension. But all of the options we have discovered involve students becoming producers and sharing their thinking with others.

      Why This Book

      Simply comprehending the text is no longer the point of comprehension instruction. Too many students are stuck at the skill level, with their teachers working very hard to develop students’ strengths in this area. A more comprehensive framework for comprehension instruction recognizes that skills are not enough. We would be wise to ensure students’ engagement and motivation, developing their will to understand. And, ultimately, we show them that reading and reading comprehension are not passive experiences. Rather, students come to understand that the point of all of this work is to do something with the information. To our thinking, students need lessons on all three levels if we are going to radically change their learning from texts. And that’s what we hope to accomplish with this book.