Hope Against Hope. Out of the Woods

million refugees (this figure does not include Turkey, which hosts 3.5 million alone); compared to 6.3 million in sub-Saharan Africa and 4.2 million in the Asia-Pacific region. It is a similar case in the United States. The Americas as a whole “host” just 644,200 refugees (a decline of six percent from 2016). [See UNHCR, Global Trends.] This does not imply benevolence on the part of states hosting greater numbers, only proximity to displaced populations. In many states there is no route to citizenship, so people displaced decades ago from Palestine or the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan remain ‘refugees’, as do their descendents.

      13. Garrett Hardin, “Lifeboat Ethics: The Case Against Helping the Poor.” Psychology Today 8 (1974): 38–43.

      14. See “The Dangers of Reactionary Ecology” in Section II of this volume for an expanded critique of Hardin.

      15. Walia, Undoing Border Imperialism, 75.

      16. These slogans can be seen in Guy Smallman’s photographs of a 2015 migrant-organized demonstration in Calais.

      17. Nick Vaughan-Williams, Border Politics: The Limits of Sovereign Power (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), 28.

      18. Mbembe, “Necropolitics.”

      19. Quoted in Patrick Kingsley, “Passport, Lifejacket, Lemons: What Syrian Refugees Pack for the Crossing to Europe,” The Guardian, September 4, 2015, http://www.theguardian.com/world/ng-interactive/2015/sep/04/syrian-refugees-pack-for-the-crossing-to-europe-crisis.