The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Эдвард Гиббон

original text has public. I have ventured to amend. Ed.]

       ^{Ref. 104}

      Aurel. Victor in Gallieno et Probo [Cæsar. 34, 37]. His complaints breathe an uncommon spirit of freedom.

       ^{Ref. 105}

      Zonaras, l. xii. p. 631 [24. This victory was probably gained in the same invasion which has been already described; Gallienus fell upon them as they were retreating. We need not assume two invasions, or doubt the statement of Zonaras.]

       ^{Ref. 106}

      One of the Victors calls him King of the Marcomanni, the other, of the Germans.

       ^{Ref. 107}

      See Tillemont, Hist. des Empereurs, tom. iii. p. 398, &c. [She was only a concubine and must not be confounded with the empress Salonina.]

       ^{Ref. 108}

      See the lives of Claudius, Aurelian, and Probus, in the Augustan History. [Dacia was lost to the Goths about 255 or 256. The event is not recorded, but it is inferred from the fact that no coins or inscriptions in the province date from a later year than 255; see Mommsen, Römische Geschichte, v. 220, Hodgkin, i. 57.]

       ^{Ref. 109}

      It is about half a league in breadth. Genealogical History of the Tartars, p. 598.

       ^{Ref. 110}

      M. de Peyssonal, who had been French consul at Caffa, in his Observations sur les Peuples Barbares, qui ont habité les bords du Danube.

       ^{Ref. 111}

      Euripides in Iphigenia in Taurid.

       ^{Ref. 112}

      Strabo, l. vii. p. 309. The first kings of Bosphorus were the allies of Athens.

       ^{Ref. 113}

      Appian in Mithridat. .

       ^{Ref. 114}

      It was reduced by the arms of Agrippa. Orosius, vi. 21. Eutropius, vii. 9. The Romans once advanced within three days’ march of the Tanais. Tacit. Annal. xii. 17.

       ^{Ref. 115}

      See the Toxaris of Lucian, if we credit the sincerity and the virtues of the Scythian, who relates a great war of his nation against the kings of Bosphorus.

       ^{Ref. 116}

      Zosimus, l. i. p. 28 [31. Coins prove that the lineal succession did not cease before 267 at the earliest.]

       ^{Ref. 117}

      Strabo, l. xi. [p. 495]. Tacit. Hist. iii. 47. They were called Camaræ.

       ^{Ref. 118}

      See a very natural picture of the Euxine navigation, in the xvith letter of Tournefort.

       ^{Ref. 119}

      Arrian places the frontier garrison at Dioscurias, or Sebastopolis, forty-four miles to the east of Pityus. The garrison of Phasis consisted in his time of only four hundred foot. See the Periplus of the Euxine. [For the Gothic invasions see Hodgkin, Italy and her Invaders, i. ch. 1.]

       ^{Ref. 120}

      Zosimus, l. i. p. 30. [256 ad]

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      Arrian (in Periplo Maris Euxin. p. 130 ) calls the distance 2610 stadia.

       ^{Ref. 122}

      Xenophon, Anabasis, l. iv. p. 348. Edit. Hutchinson [c. 8].

       ^{Ref. 123}

      Arrian, p. 129 . The general observation is Tournefort’s.

       ^{Ref. 124}

      See an epistle of Gregory Thaumaturgus, bishop of Neo-Cæsarea, quoted by Mascou, v. 37.

       ^{Ref. 125}

      Zosimus, l. i. p. 32, 33 .

       ^{Ref. 126}

      Itiner. Hierosolym, p. 572. Wesseling.

       ^{Ref. 127}

      Zosimus, l. i. p. 32, 33 .

       ^{Ref. 128}

      He besieged the place with 400 galleys, 150,000 foot, and a numerous cavalry. See Plutarch in Lucul. . Appian in Mithridat. . Cicero pro Lege Maniliâ, c. 8.

       ^{Ref. 129}

      Strabo, l. xii. p. 573.

       ^{Ref. 130}

      Pocock’s Descriptions of the East, l. ii. c. 23, 24.

       ^{Ref. 131}

      Zosimus, l. i. p. 33 .

       ^{Ref. 132}

      Syncellus [i. p. 717, ed. Bonn] tells an unintelligible story of Prince Odenathus, who defeated the Goths, and who was killed by Prince Odenathus.

       ^{Ref. 133}

      Voyages de Chardin, tom. i. p. 45. He sailed with the Turks from Constantinople to Caffa.

       ^{Ref. 134}

      Syncellus (p. 382) [ib.] speaks of this expedition as undertaken by the Heruli.

       ^{Ref. 135}

      Strabo, l. xi. p. 495.

       ^{Ref. 136}

      [Gibbon omits to mention that the Goths sustained a severe naval defeat, before they entered the Propontis, at the hands of Venerianus. Hist. August. xxiii. 13.]

       ^{Ref. 137}

      Plin. Hist. Natur. iii. 7 [error for iv. 7].

       ^{Ref. 138}

      [The renewed wall was known as the wall of Valerian. See Zosimus, i. 29. A wall was built at the same time across the Isthmus. For this invasion of Greece, see Gregorovius, Geschichte der Stadt Athen im Mittelalter, i. 16 sqq.]

       ^{Ref. 139}

      [The monuments of Athens seem on this occasion to have been spared.]

       ^{Ref. 140}

      Hist. August. p. 181 [xxiii. 13]. Victor [Cæsar.], c. 33. Orosius, vii. 42. Zosimus, l. i. p. 35 . Zonaras, l. xii. 635 . Syncellus, p. 382 [i. p. 717, ed. Bonn]. It is not without some attention that we can explain and conciliate their imperfect hints. We can still discover some traces of the partiality of Dexippus, in the relation of his own and his countrymen’s exploits. [Frag. 21. An epigram on Dexippus as a scholar, not as a deliverer, has been preserved. C.I.A. iii. 1, No. 716.]

       ^{Ref. 141}

      [Gibbon has omitted to mention the attack of the Goths on Thessalonica, which almost proved fatal to that city. This incident spread terror throughout the Illyric peninsula, and thoroughly frightened the government. It was probably the immediate cause of the restoration of the walls of Athens and the other fortifications in Greece. See Zosimus, i. 29, and perhaps Eusebius in Müller, F.H.G. v. 1, 21.]

       ^{Ref. 142}

      Syncellus, p. 382 [ib.]. This body of Heruli was for a long time faithful and famous.

       ^{Ref. 143}

      Claudius, who commanded on the Danube, thought with propriety and acted with spirit. His colleague was jealous of his fame. Hist. August. p. 181 [xxiii. 14].

       ^{Ref. 144}

      Jornandes, c. 20.

       ^{Ref. 145}

      Zosimus, and the Greeks (as the author of the Philopatris [see below, p. 131, note 81]), give the name of Scythians to those whom Jornandes, and the Latin writers, constantly represent as Goths.